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About the Course new 0
CDAC CCAT Study Materials
Crack your CDAC CCAT Exams in first attempt with LMT Study Materials- 📚Complete Study Notes (Concepts & Solved Example)
- 📌 500+ Practice Problems
- 📝 Formula's and tricks
- 👣 Beginner Friendly
- ⭐️ Trusted by 1000+ Students
- 📑 Previous Year Question Papers
- 📚 Section A + Section B + Section C [ All Notes Available ]
The one-stop destination for everything you need for CDAC CCAT Exam Preparations
So let's dive in - Enroll today, Crack the exam & get into top Institute of CDAC and get to work with your Dream CompanyNo items in this section -
Section A [ Quantitative ] - Number System 15
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Number System Part #1 13 minLecture2.1
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Number System Part #2 12 minLecture2.2
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Number System Part #3 07 minLecture2.3
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Number System Part #4 10 minLecture2.4
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Number System Part #5 10 minLecture2.5
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Number System Part #6 10 minLecture2.6
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Number System Part #7 07 minLecture2.7
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Number System Part #8 07 minLecture2.8
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Number System Part #9 09 minLecture2.9
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Number System Part #10 09 minLecture2.10
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Number System Practice ProblemLecture2.11
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Number System – 1 New 25 minLecture2.12
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Number System – 2 New 21 minLecture2.13
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Number System – 3 New 19 minLecture2.14
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Number System – 4 New 24 minLecture2.15
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - HCF and LCM 6
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HCF and LCM Part #1 13 minLecture3.1
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HCF and LCM Part #2 16 minLecture3.2
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HCF and LCM Part #3 18 minLecture3.3
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HCF and LCM [Formula]Lecture3.4
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HCM and LCM [Handmade Notes]Lecture3.5
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HCM and LCM [Practice Problems]Lecture3.6
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Decimal and Fractions 2
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1- Decimal and Fractions 20 minLecture4.1
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2- Decimal and Fractions Questions 15 minLecture4.2
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Simplification and Approximation 2
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Simplification – 1 11 minLecture5.1
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Simplification – 2 11 minLecture5.2
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Ratio and Proportion 7
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Ratio & Proportion #1 13 minLecture6.1
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Ratio & Proportion #2 12 minLecture6.2
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Ratio & Proportion #3 13 minLecture6.3
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Ratio & Proportion #4 10 minLecture6.4
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Ratio & Proportion #5 08 minLecture6.5
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Ratio and Proportion Practice Problem 33 minLecture6.6
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Ratio and Proportion [ Notes ]Lecture6.7
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Percentage Problem 9
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Percentage Part 1 08 minLecture7.1
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Percentage Part 2 08 minLecture7.2
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Percentage Part 3 09 minLecture7.3
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Percentage Part 4 08 minLecture7.4
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Percentage Part 5 09 minLecture7.5
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Percentage Practice Questions 27 minLecture7.6
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Percentage QuestionsLecture7.7
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Percentage Problem [Practice Problems]Lecture7.8
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Percentage Problem [ Notes ]Lecture7.9
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Average 5
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Average full Concept and Tricks Part #1 11 minLecture8.1
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Average full Concept and Tricks Part #2 09 minLecture8.2
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Average full Concept and Tricks Part #3Lecture8.3
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Averages [ Notes ]Lecture8.4
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Averages Practice Questions 25 minLecture8.5
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Alligations and Mixtures 5
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Alligation and Mixture Part #1 18 minLecture9.1
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Alligation and Mixture Part #2 19 minLecture9.2
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Alligation and Mixtures [Practice Problems]Lecture9.3
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Alligation and Mixtures [Handmade Notes]Lecture9.4
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Alligation and Mixtures [Formula]Lecture9.5
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Profit and Loss 9
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[ New Video ] Profit & Loss – 1 16 minLecture10.1
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[ New Video ] Profit & Loss – 2 26 minLecture10.2
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[ New Video ] Profit & Loss – 3 18 minLecture10.3
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Profit and Loss Part #1 09 minLecture10.4
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Profit and Loss Part #2 21 minLecture10.5
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Profit and Loss Part #3 15 minLecture10.6
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Profit and Loss [ Notes ]Lecture10.7
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Profit & Loss [Formula]Lecture10.8
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Profit and Loss [Practice Problems]Lecture10.9
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Simple and Compound Interest 8
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Simple Interest Part #1 20 minLecture11.1
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Simple Interest Part #2 19 minLecture11.2
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Compound Interest Part #1 25 minLecture11.3
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Compound Interest Part #2 23 minLecture11.4
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Simple Interest and compound [Formula]Lecture11.5
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Simple and Compound Interest [Notes]Lecture11.6
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Simple and Compound Interest [Practice Problems]Lecture11.7
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Fastest Method to Solve Compound Interest 07 minLecture11.8
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Time and Work 10
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Time and Work Part #1 26 minLecture12.1
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Time and Work Part #2 26 minLecture12.2
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Time and Work Part #3 27 minLecture12.3
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Time and Work Part #4 22 minLecture12.4
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Time and Work Part #1 [ Old Videos by Sumer ] 20 minLecture12.5
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Time and Work Part #2 [ Old Videos by Sumer ] 13 minLecture12.6
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Time and Work Part #3 [ Old Videos by Sumer ] 10 minLecture12.7
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Time and Work [Handmade Notes]Lecture12.8
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Time and Work[Formula]Lecture12.9
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Time and Work [Practice Problems]Lecture12.10
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Pipes and Cistern 7
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Pipes and Cistern – 1 [ New Video ] 27 minLecture13.1
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Pipes and Cistern – 2 [ New Video ] 23 minLecture13.2
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Pipes and Cistern Part #1 27 minLecture13.3
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Pipes and Cistern Part #2 16 minLecture13.4
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Pipes and Cistern Part #3 12 minLecture13.5
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Pipes and Cistern [Handmade Notes]Lecture13.6
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Pipes and Cistern [Practice Problems]Lecture13.7
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Time, Speed and Distance 4
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Time, Speed & Distance – 1 18 minLecture14.1
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Time, Speed & Distance – 2 22 minLecture14.2
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Time, Speed & Distance – 3 28 minLecture14.3
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Time, Speed & Distance – Practice Question 24 minLecture14.4
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Boats and Streams 7
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Boats and Stream Part #1 20 minLecture15.1
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Boats and Stream Part #2 25 minLecture15.2
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Boats & Streams – 1 [NEW VIDEO] 20 minLecture15.3
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Boats & Streams – 2 [NEW VIDEO] 25 minLecture15.4
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Boat and Stream [Formula]Lecture15.5
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Boat and Stream [Handmade Notes]Lecture15.6
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Boat and Stream [Practice Problems]Lecture15.7
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Train Problems 8
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Train Problems Part #1 19 minLecture16.1
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Train Problems Part #2 11 minLecture16.2
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Train Problems Part #3 19 minLecture16.3
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Problems on Train – 1 26 minLecture16.4
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Problems on Train – 2 27 minLecture16.5
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Train Problems [ Notes ]Lecture16.6
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Train Problems [Formula]Lecture16.7
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Train Problems [Practice Problems]Lecture16.8
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Permutation and Combination 6
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Permutation and Combination Part #1 25 minLecture17.1
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Permutation and Combination Part #2 19 minLecture17.2
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Permutation and Combination Part #3 20 minLecture17.3
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Permutation and Combination [Formula]Lecture17.4
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Permutation and Combination [Practice Problems]Lecture17.5
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Permutation and Combination [Handmade Notes]Lecture17.6
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Probability 7
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Probability Part #1 16 minLecture18.1
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Probability Part #2 14 minLecture18.2
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Probability Part #3 28 minLecture18.3
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Probability Part #4 28 minLecture18.4
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Probability All PPTLecture18.5
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Probability NotesLecture18.6
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Probability [Practice Problems]Lecture18.7
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Ages Problems 7
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Ages Basic Concept with Solved Examples 09 minLecture19.1
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Ages Part #1 12 minLecture19.2
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Ages Part #2 08 minLecture19.3
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Ages Practice Problems 18 minLecture19.4
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Ages Problem [Practice Problems]Lecture19.5
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Ages Problem [ Notes]Lecture19.6
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Ages [ Formula ]Lecture19.7
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Calender 7
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Calendar – 1 21 minLecture20.1
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Calendar – 2 14 minLecture20.2
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Calendar – 3 12 minLecture20.3
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Calendar – 4 [ Must watch ] 13 minLecture20.4
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Calendar Problem [Notes]Lecture20.5
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Calendar Problem [ Practice Problem ]Lecture20.6
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Calendar Problem [Handmade Notes]Lecture20.7
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Clock Problems 6
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Clock Problems Part #1 13 minLecture21.1
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Clock Problems Part #2 17 minLecture21.2
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Clock Problems Part #3 10 minLecture21.3
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Clock Problem [Handmade Notes]Lecture21.4
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Clock Problem [ Notes]Lecture21.5
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Clock Problem [ Practice Problem ]Lecture21.6
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Surds and Indices 2
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression 7
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Arithmetic Progression -1 10 minLecture23.1
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Arithmetic Progression – 2 08 minLecture23.2
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Geometric Progression – 1 06 minLecture23.3
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Geometric Progression – 2 07 minLecture23.4
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Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression [ Notes ]Lecture23.5
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Sequence and Series # 2 [ AP – GP Practice Problem ] 22 minLecture23.6
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Sequence and Series # 1 [ AP – GP Practice Problem ] 24 minLecture23.7
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Perimeter, Area, Volume 2
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Perimeter, Area, Volume – 1 20 minLecture24.1
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Perimeter, Area, Volume – 2 20 minLecture24.2
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Odd Man Out and Series 2
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Odd Man Out and Series – 1 19 minLecture25.1
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Odd Man Out and Series – 2 17 minLecture25.2
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Section A [ Quantitative ] - Chain rule 4
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Chain Rule 15 minLecture26.1
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Chain rule [ Formula]Lecture26.2
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Chain Rule [Handmade Notes]Lecture26.3
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Chain Rule [Practice Problems]Lecture26.4
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Section A [ Verbal ] - Reading Comprehension 7
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Reading Comprehension -1 24 minLecture27.1
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Reading Comprehension -2 19 minLecture27.2
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Reading Comprehension Notes 1Lecture27.3
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Reading Comprehension Notes 2Lecture27.4
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Reading Comprehension [ Notes + Solved Examples + Practice Problem ]Lecture27.5
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Reading Comprehension MCQLecture27.6
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Reading Comprehension 13 minLecture27.7
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Section A [ Verbal ] - Synonyms And Antonyms 8
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Synonyms 28 minLecture28.1
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Antonyms 22 minLecture28.2
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Synonyms and Antonyms 14 minLecture28.3
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Synonyms NotesLecture28.4
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Antonyms NotesLecture28.5
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Synonyms MCQLecture28.6
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Antonyms MCQLecture28.7
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Synonyms And Antonyms [ Notes + Solved Examples + Practice Problem ]Lecture28.8
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Section A [ Verbal ] - Sentence Rearrangement 4
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Rearrangements – 1 21 minLecture29.1
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Rearrangements – 2 21 minLecture29.2
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Sentence Rearrangement NotesLecture29.3
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Sentence Rearrangement MCQLecture29.4
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Section A [ Verbal ] - Error Identification 3
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Error Identification 13 minLecture30.1
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Spotting Error MCQLecture30.2
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Error Identification NotesLecture30.3
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Section A [ Verbal ] - Paragraph 2
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Paragraph 22 minLecture31.1
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Paragraph FormationLecture31.2
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Section A [ Verbal ] - Sentence Corrections 3
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Sentence Corrections – 1 23 minLecture32.1
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Sentence Corrections – 2 22 minLecture32.2
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Sentence Correction NotesLecture32.3
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Section A [ Verbal ] - Sentence Completion 3
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Sentence Completion 18 minLecture33.1
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Sentence Completion NotesLecture33.2
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Sentence Completion MCQLecture33.3
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Section A [ Verbal ] - Fill in the Blanks 12
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Prepositions NotesLecture34.1
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Conjunction NotesLecture34.2
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Articles NotesLecture34.3
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Tenses NotesLecture34.4
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Tenses Practice ProblemsLecture34.5
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Prepositions MCQLecture34.6
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Articles MCQLecture34.7
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Conjunction 10 minLecture34.8
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Articles 15 minLecture34.9
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Tenses 21 minLecture34.10
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Prepositions NotesLecture34.11
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Prepositions 11 minLecture34.12
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Section A [ Verbal ] - Subject Verb Agreement 2
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Subject Verb and Agreement 22 minLecture35.1
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Subject Verb Agreement NotesLecture35.2
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Section A [ Verbal ] - Roots words 2
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Roots words [ Prefix and Suffix ] 13 minLecture36.1
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Roots words [ Prefix and Suffix ] NotesLecture36.2
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Section A [ Verbal ] - Idioms & Phrases 3
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Idioms and Phrases – 1 24 minLecture37.1
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Idioms and Phrases NotesLecture37.2
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Idioms and Phrases MCQLecture37.3
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Section A [ Verbal ] - Verbal Ability Extra 10
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Introduction to Verbal Ability + Tenses Part #1 12 minLecture38.1
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Tenses Part #2 11 minLecture38.2
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Tenses [ Notes ]Lecture38.3
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Tenses [ Practice Problem ]Lecture38.4
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Spotting Erorrs [ Notes + Solved Examples + Practice Problem ]Lecture38.5
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Sentence Completion [ Notes + Solved Examples + Practice Problem ]Lecture38.6
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Error Detection and Correction + Sentence Completion #1 14 minLecture38.7
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Sentence Completion #2 13 minLecture38.8
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Assumption in Verbal Reasoning 14 minLecture38.9
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Deduction Reasoning 26 minLecture38.10
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Section A [ Reasoning ] - Number Series 6
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Number Series Part #1 09 minLecture39.1
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Number Series Part #2 08 minLecture39.2
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Number Series Part #3 08 minLecture39.3
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Number Series Part #4 07 minLecture39.4
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Number Series [Notes]Lecture39.5
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Number Series [Practice Problems]Lecture39.6
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Section A [ Reasoning ] - Odd Man Out and Series 2
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Odd man out and Series – 1 19 minLecture40.1
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Odd man out and Series – 2 17 minLecture40.2
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Section A [ Reasoning ] - Verbal Reasoning - Analogy 3
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Section A [ Reasoning ] - Coding Decoding 7
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Coding-Decoding – 1 07 minLecture42.1
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Coding-Decoding – 2 08 minLecture42.2
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Coding – Decoding – 3 08 minLecture42.3
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Coding Decoding – 4 06 minLecture42.4
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Coding – Decoding – 5 10 minLecture42.5
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Coding Decoding [Notes]Lecture42.6
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Coding Decoding [ Practice Problem]Lecture42.7
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Section A [ Reasoning ] - Direction 8
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Direction Part 1 07 minLecture43.1
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Direction Part 2 08 minLecture43.2
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Direction Part 3 09 minLecture43.3
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Direction Part 4 04 minLecture43.4
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Direction Part 5 07 minLecture43.5
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Direction Part 6 06 minLecture43.6
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Direction [ Notes ]Lecture43.7
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Direction Practice ProblemLecture43.8
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Section A [ Reasoning ] - Visual Reasoning 6
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Visual Reasoning – 1 10 minLecture44.1
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Visual Reasoning – 2 12 minLecture44.2
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Visual Reasoning – 3 11 minLecture44.3
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Visual reasonoing – 4 11 minLecture44.4
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Visual Reasoning [ Notes ]Lecture44.5
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Visual Reasoning [ Practice Problem ]Lecture44.6
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Section A [ Reasoning ] - Blood Relation 7
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Blood Relations Part #1 12 minLecture45.1
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Blood Relations Part #2 10 minLecture45.2
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Blood Relations Part #3 10 minLecture45.3
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Blood Relations Part #4 09 minLecture45.4
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Blood Relations – 5 11 minLecture45.5
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Blood Relation [ Notes ]Lecture45.6
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Blood Relation Practice Questions 22 minLecture45.7
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Section A [ Reasoning ] - Seating Arrangement 8
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Seating Arrangement Part 1 08 minLecture46.1
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Seating Arrangement Part 2 12 minLecture46.2
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Seating Arrangement Part 3 11 minLecture46.3
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Seating Arrangement Part 4 06 minLecture46.4
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Seating Arrangement Part 5 07 minLecture46.5
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Seating Arrangement Part 6 06 minLecture46.6
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Seating Arrangement [Notes]Lecture46.7
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Seating Arrangement [ Practice Problem ]Lecture46.8
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Section A [ Reasoning ] - Data Sufficiency 3
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Data Sufficiency 09 minLecture47.1
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Data Sufficiency [ Practice Problem ]Lecture47.2
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Data Sufficiency [ Notes ]Lecture47.3
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Section A - Computer Fundamental 12
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1. Introduction 10 minLecture48.1
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2. Computer Memory and its types 14 minLecture48.2
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3. Motherboard and its component 08 minLecture48.3
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4. Ports, Cables and Graphic Card 09 minLecture48.4
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5. Storage Devices 07 minLecture48.5
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6. Number System 11 minLecture48.6
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7. Machine Language 06 minLecture48.7
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8. Operating Systems 10 minLecture48.8
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9. AR and VR 07 minLecture48.9
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10. Computer Virus 08 minLecture48.10
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Computer Fundamental [Notes]Lecture48.11
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Computer Fundamental Practice ProblemLecture48.12
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Section A - Concepts of Programming Videos 10
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01 – Algorithm & FlowCharts 10 minLecture49.1
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09 – Basic IO 15 minLecture49.2
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02 – Keywords & Identifiers 12 minLecture49.3
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16 – Function in C 12 minLecture49.4
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03 – First program in C 16 minLecture49.5
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04 – Variables & Constants 21 minLecture49.6
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05 – Datatypes in C – Part 1 23 minLecture49.7
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06 – Datatypes in C – Part 2 15 minLecture49.8
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07 – Operators in C 15 minLecture49.9
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08 – Bitwise Operators 14 minLecture49.10
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Section A - Concepts of Programming 3
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Concept Of Programming Part 1 40 minLecture50.1
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Concept Of Programming Part 2 01 hour 07 minLecture50.2
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Concepts of Programming NotesLecture50.3
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Section B - [ C Programming ] 36
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C Programming Part #1 10 minLecture51.1
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C Programming Part #2 12 minLecture51.2
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C Programming Part #3 16 minLecture51.3
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C Programming Part #4 21 minLecture51.4
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C Programming Part #5 23 minLecture51.5
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C Programming Part #6 15 minLecture51.6
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C Programming Part #7 15 minLecture51.7
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C Programming Part #8 14 minLecture51.8
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C Programming Part #9 15 minLecture51.9
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C Programming Part #10 16 minLecture51.10
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C Programming Part #11 12 minLecture51.11
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C Programming Part #12 12 minLecture51.12
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C Programming Part #15 15 minLecture51.13
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C Programming Part #14 13 minLecture51.14
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C Programming Part #13 19 minLecture51.15
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C Programming Part #16 12 minLecture51.16
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C Programming Part #17 13 minLecture51.17
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C Programming Part #18 11 minLecture51.18
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C Programming Part #19 16 minLecture51.19
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C Programming Part #20 13 minLecture51.20
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C Programming Part #21 23 minLecture51.21
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C Programming Part #22 15 minLecture51.22
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C Programming Part #23 14 minLecture51.23
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C Programming Part #24 17 minLecture51.24
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C Programming Part #25 11 minLecture51.25
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C Programming Part #26 13 minLecture51.26
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C Programming Part #27 14 minLecture51.27
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C Programming Part #28 10 minLecture51.28
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C Programming Part #29 10 minLecture51.29
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C Programming Part #30 11 minLecture51.30
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C 3D Array 29 minLecture51.31
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Programming in CLecture51.32
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File Handling Part 1 28 minLecture51.33
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File Handling Part 2 34 minLecture51.34
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C Programming Practice ProblemLecture51.35
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C Programming [Notes]Lecture51.36
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Section B - [ C Snippet Problems with Solutions Video] 10
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Code Snippet 1 – 5 21 minLecture52.1
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Code Snippet 6 -10 20 minLecture52.2
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Code Snippet 11 – 15 19 minLecture52.3
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Code Snippet 16 – 20 15 minLecture52.4
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Code Snippet 21 – 25 23 minLecture52.5
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Code Snippet 26 – 30 18 minLecture52.6
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Code Snippet 31 – 35 25 minLecture52.7
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Code Snippet 36 – 40 25 minLecture52.8
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Code Snippet 41 – 45 13 minLecture52.9
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Code Snippet 46 – 50 18 minLecture52.10
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Section B - [ Object Oriented Programming (C++) ] 28
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Introduction to C++ 11 minLecture53.1
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Input & Output in C++ 14 minLecture53.2
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Difference between Structure in C & C++ 14 minLecture53.3
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Class & Objects C++ 14 minLecture53.4
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Inspector, Mutators, Facilitators 16 minLecture53.5
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Contructor & Destructor 15 minLecture53.6
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Default Arguments & Inline Function 16 minLecture53.7
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Array of Objects 16 minLecture53.8
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Dynamic Memory Allocation 15 minLecture53.9
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Static Member and function 15 minLecture53.10
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Exception handling 18 minLecture53.11
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Composition 22 minLecture53.12
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Friend Class and function 13 minLecture53.13
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Function Overloading 15 minLecture53.14
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Operator Overloading 13 minLecture53.15
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Copy Constructor 05 minLecture53.16
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Inheritance 15 minLecture53.17
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Pure Virtual Function 13 minLecture53.18
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Types of Inheritance 26 minLecture53.19
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Virtual Function 12 minLecture53.20
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Template 15 minLecture53.21
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RTTI 11 minLecture53.22
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Casting Operators 19 minLecture53.23
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Dynamic Array of Object 13 minLecture53.24
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Object Oriented Programming (C++)Lecture53.25
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Object Oriented Programming (C++) SampleLecture53.26
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Object Oriented Programming (C++) Practice ProblemLecture53.27
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Object-Oriented Programming In C++ NotesLecture53.28
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Section B - [ Operating System ] 40
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1. Introduction of Operation System , Function , Objectives 18 minLecture54.1
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2. OS Structure [ Monolithic , Layer , Microkernel ] 18 minLecture54.2
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3. System Call its Types 10 minLecture54.3
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4. Process State Transition Diagram 13 minLecture54.4
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5. PCB ( Process Control Block ) 12 minLecture54.5
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6. Threading and Multi-Threading 09 minLecture54.6
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7. Scheduler and Types of Process Scheduling Algorithm 13 minLecture54.7
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8. Various Scheduling Criteria 21 minLecture54.8
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9. SJF – Scheduling Criteria 16 minLecture54.9
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10. Priority Scheduling Non-Preemptive 15 minLecture54.10
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11. SRTN Scheduling Algo 18 minLecture54.11
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12. Round Robin Scheduling Criteria 15 minLecture54.12
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13. Priority Scheduling Preemptive 13 minLecture54.13
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14. Process Syncronization and IPC- 13 minLecture54.14
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15. Deadlock 08 minLecture54.15
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15. 1 – Dead Lock Recovery 05 minLecture54.16
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15.2 – Bankers algorithm with Solve Example Part 1 13 minLecture54.17
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15.3 – Bankers Algorithm Part 2 (Resource Request algorithm) 09 minLecture54.18
-
16. Semaphore Producer Consumer Problem 12 minLecture54.19
-
17. OS Reader Writer & Dinning Philospher Problem 16 minLecture54.20
-
18. Memory Management & Partitioning 11 minLecture54.21
-
19. Memory Allocation Techniques 10 minLecture54.22
-
20. Paging & TLB 17 minLecture54.23
-
21. Segmentation 14 minLecture54.24
-
22. Virtual Memory & Demand Paging 13 minLecture54.25
-
23. Pagen Replacement Algorithms 20 minLecture54.26
-
24. File Managment File System 09 minLecture54.27
-
25. Disk Allocation Methods 11 minLecture54.28
-
26. Disk scheduling Algorithm 06 minLecture54.29
-
27. FCFS Disk Scheduling Algorithm 09 minLecture54.30
-
28. SSTF Disk Scheduling Algorithm 07 minLecture54.31
-
29. SCAN Disk Scheduling Algorithm 06 minLecture54.32
-
30. C SCAN Disk Scheduling Algorithm 05 minLecture54.33
-
31. Look Disk Scheduling Algorithm 04 minLecture54.34
-
32. C Look Disk Scheduling Algorithm 04 minLecture54.35
-
33. All in One ( FCFS SSTF SCAN CSCAN LOOK CLOOK ) 08 minLecture54.36
-
34. Input Output Management 09 minLecture54.37
-
Operating System Sample [Notes]–Lecture54.38
-
Operating System [Notes]Lecture54.39
-
Operating System Practice ProblemLecture54.40
-
-
Section B - [Data Community & Networking] 19
-
1. Introduction To Computer Networks 12 minLecture55.1
-
2. Network Topology Types 12 minLecture55.2
-
3. Network Connecting Devices [ Repeater , Hub , Bridge , Switch ] 11 minLecture55.3
-
4. Types of Network – LAN, MAN, WAN 08 minLecture55.4
-
5. Virtual LAN 08 minLecture55.5
-
6. OSI Reference Model 07 minLecture55.6
-
7. TCP-IP Reference model 07 minLecture55.7
-
8. IPv4 Header Format 12 minLecture55.8
-
9. IP Address v/s MAC Address 09 minLecture55.9
-
10. IPv4 v/s IPv6 10 minLecture55.10
-
11. ARP & RARP 07 minLecture55.11
-
12. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol – SMTP 05 minLecture55.12
-
13. User Datagram Protocol 08 minLecture55.13
-
14. File Transfer Protocol – FTP 05 minLecture55.14
-
15. Domain Name Server – DNS 06 minLecture55.15
-
16. Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP 08 minLecture55.16
-
Computer Network Practice ProblemLecture55.17
-
Computer Network [Notes]Lecture55.18
-
Data Communication and NetworkingLecture55.19
-
-
Section B - [ Data Structures ] 86
-
Introduction [ Introduction ] 08 minLecture56.1
-
Types Of Data Structures [ Introduction ] 06 minLecture56.2
-
Operations Of Data Structures [ Introduction ] 06 minLecture56.3
-
Concept Of Abstract Data Type [ Introduction ] 06 minLecture56.4
-
Arrays – Part 1 [ Introduction ] 16 minLecture56.5
-
Arrays – Part 2 [ Introduction ] 19 minLecture56.6
-
Divide & Conquer With Example [ Divide and Conquer ] 06 minLecture56.7
-
Dynamic Programming [ Dynamic Programming ] 10 minLecture56.8
-
DP Approaches 1 [ Dynamic Programming ] 11 minLecture56.9
-
DP Approaches 2 [ Dynamic Programming ] 08 minLecture56.10
-
Asymptotic Notations 03 minLecture56.11
-
Time Complexity and Big O 22 minLecture56.12
-
Space Complexity 14 minLecture56.13
-
Hashing concept [ Searching & Sorting ] 06 minLecture56.14
-
Linear Search [ Recursion and Storage Management ] 05 minLecture56.15
-
Binary Search [ Recursion and Storage Management ] 11 minLecture56.16
-
Hashing Collision [ Searching & Sorting ] 12 minLecture56.17
-
Linear Probing – #1 [ Searching & Sorting ] 13 minLecture56.18
-
Linear Probing – #2 [ Searching & Sorting ] 12 minLecture56.19
-
Linear Probing With Collisions – Solved [ Searching & Sorting ] 10 minLecture56.20
-
Linear + Quadratic Probing – Solved Example [ Searching & Sorting ] 15 minLecture56.21
-
Selection Sorting – #1 [ Searching & Sorting ] 12 minLecture56.22
-
Selection Sorting – #2 [ Searching & Sorting ] 12 minLecture56.23
-
Insertion Sort – #1 [ Searching & Sorting ] 12 minLecture56.24
-
Insertion Sort – #2 [ Searching & Sorting ] 12 minLecture56.25
-
Merge Sort – #1 [ Searching & Sorting ] 12 minLecture56.26
-
Merge Sort – #2 [ Searching & Sorting ] 12 minLecture56.27
-
Merge Sort – #3 [ Searching & Sorting ] 10 minLecture56.28
-
Quick Sort – #1 [ Searching & Sorting ] 10 minLecture56.29
-
Quick Sort – #2 [ Searching & Sorting ] 09 minLecture56.30
-
Radix Sort – #1 [ Searching & Sorting ] 10 minLecture56.31
-
Radix Sort – #2 [ Searching & Sorting ] 10 minLecture56.32
-
Introduction To Stack [ Stacks ]Lecture56.33
-
Operations Of Stack ADT [ Stacks ] 06 minLecture56.34
-
Stack Implementation Using Array Part – 1 [ Stacks ] 10 minLecture56.35
-
Stack Implementation Using Array Part – 2 [ Stacks ] 12 minLecture56.36
-
Infix Notation & Conversion [ Applications of Data Structures ] 11 minLecture56.37
-
Prefix, Postfix Notation & Conversion [ Applications of Data Structures ] 12 minLecture56.38
-
Introduction Of Queue [ Queues ] 04 minLecture56.39
-
Operations Of Queue ADT [ Queues ] 04 minLecture56.40
-
Queue Implementation Using Array Part – 1 [ Queues ] 11 minLecture56.41
-
Queue Implementation Using Array Part – 2 [ Queues ] 09 minLecture56.42
-
Circular Queue Implementation Part – 1 [ Queues ] 12 minLecture56.43
-
Circular Queue Implementation Part – 2 [ Queues ] 09 minLecture56.44
-
Introduction To Linked List [ Linked Lists ] 05 minLecture56.45
-
Array Vs Linked List [ Linked Lists ] 07 minLecture56.46
-
Linked List Implementation Part – 1 [ Linked Lists ] 17 minLecture56.47
-
Linked List Implementation Part – 2 [ Linked Lists ] 10 minLecture56.48
-
Linked List Implementation Part – 3 [ Linked Lists ] 10 minLecture56.49
-
Linked List Implementation Part – 4 [ Linked Lists ] 14 minLecture56.50
-
Linked List Implementation Part – 5 [ Linked Lists ] 09 minLecture56.51
-
Linked List Implementation Part – 6 [ Linked Lists ] 10 minLecture56.52
-
Stack Implementation Using Linked List – Part 1 [ Linked Lists ] 09 minLecture56.53
-
Stack Implementation Using Linked List – Part 2 [ Linked Lists ] 06 minLecture56.54
-
Queue Using Linked List Part – 1 [ Linked Lists ] 10 minLecture56.55
-
Queue Using Linked List Part – 2 [ Linked Lists ] 07 minLecture56.56
-
Circular Queue Using Linked List [ Linked Lists ] 10 minLecture56.57
-
Doubly Linked List – Part 1 [ Linked Lists ] 14 minLecture56.58
-
Doubly Linked List – Part 2 [ Linked Lists ] 08 minLecture56.59
-
Doubly Linked List – Part 3 [ Linked Lists ] 10 minLecture56.60
-
Doubly Linked List – Part 4 [ Linked Lists ] 10 minLecture56.61
-
Doubly Linked List – Part 5 [ Linked Lists ] 12 minLecture56.62
-
Introduction to Tree Data Structure & Binary Tree [ Trees ] 06 minLecture56.63
-
Binary Tree Implementation Part 1 – Insertion & Traversing [ Trees ] 14 minLecture56.64
-
Binary Tree Implementation Part 2 – Traversing & Deletion [ Trees ] 12 minLecture56.65
-
Binary tree Traversal [ Trees ] 14 minLecture56.66
-
Tree traversal methods: Pre, post and in-order traversal [ Trees ] 14 minLecture56.67
-
(Binary Search Tree) – Traverse the Tree in In-Order, Pre-Order and Post-Order [ Trees ] 11 minLecture56.68
-
Height Balanced Binary Search Tree [ Trees ] 12 minLecture56.69
-
AVL Tree [ Trees ] 16 minLecture56.70
-
AVL Tree Solved Example – #1 [ Trees ] 17 minLecture56.71
-
AVL Tree Solved Example – #2 [ Trees ] 17 minLecture56.72
-
B-Tree Introduction [ Trees ] 13 minLecture56.73
-
B-Tree Solved Example – #1 [ Trees ] 14 minLecture56.74
-
B-Tree Solved Example – #2 [ Trees ] 12 minLecture56.75
-
Huffman Coding [ Trees ] 07 minLecture56.76
-
Graphs Introduction [ Graphs ] 13 minLecture56.77
-
BFS & DFS – #1 [ Graphs ] 14 minLecture56.78
-
BFS & DFS – #2 [ Graphs ] 12 minLecture56.79
-
Topological Sorting [ Graphs ] 11 minLecture56.80
-
Topological Sorting – Solved Example [ Graphs ] 09 minLecture56.81
-
Searching & Sorting Introduction [ Searching & Sorting ] 12 minLecture56.82
-
Data Structures & AlgorithmsLecture56.83
-
Practice Problems Set 1 – Data Structures & AlgoLecture56.84
-
Practice Problems Set 2 – Data Structures & AlgoLecture56.85
-
Data structure NotesLecture56.86
-
-
Section B - [ Basics of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence ] 32
-
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 40 minLecture57.1
-
AI vs ML vs DL and Generative AI 10 minLecture57.2
-
Machine Learning and Types of Machine Learning 21 minLecture57.3
-
Introduction to Machine Learning- 13 minLecture57.4
-
Types of Machine Learning [ Artificial Intelligence ] 21 minLecture57.5
-
Introduction to Fuzzy Logic [ Artificial Intelligence ] 04 minLecture57.6
-
Introduction to Neural Network [ Artificial Intelligence ] 06 minLecture57.7
-
Genetic Algorithm [ Artificial Intelligence ] 09 minLecture57.8
-
Domains of AI: CV, NLP & Data Science 12 minLecture57.9
-
Deep Learning + Neural Network & Types 21 minLecture57.10
-
Introduction to NLP [Natural Language Processing] 12 minLecture57.11
-
Knowledge Required in NLP 10 minLecture57.12
-
NLP Phases 08 minLecture57.13
-
Introduction to Big Data [ Big Data ] 06 minLecture57.14
-
Hadoop Part 1 [ Big Data ] 10 minLecture57.15
-
Hadoop Part 2 [ Big Data ] 10 minLecture57.16
-
Map Reduce [ Big Data ] 11 minLecture57.17
-
Introduction to No SQL [ Big Data ] 08 minLecture57.18
-
Key Value Stores 06 minLecture57.19
-
Column Store Database 05 minLecture57.20
-
Document Database 05 minLecture57.21
-
Graph Database 07 minLecture57.22
-
Data Stream Management System 08 minLecture57.23
-
Sampling Techniques – Part 1 05 minLecture57.24
-
Sampling Techniques – Part 2 06 minLecture57.25
-
Introduction to Data Warehouse- 11 minLecture57.26
-
Meta Data- 05 minLecture57.27
-
Data Mart- 06 minLecture57.28
-
Data Warehouse Architecture- 07 minLecture57.29
-
What is Olap Operations- 08 minLecture57.30
-
OLAP VS OLTP- 08 minLecture57.31
-
Extract Transform and Load (ETL)- 09 minLecture57.32
-
-
Section B - [ Big Data Notes ] 5
-
Module 1 – Introduction to Big DataLecture58.1
-
Module 2 _ Hadoop HDFS and MapReduceLecture58.2
-
Module 3 _ NO SQLLecture58.3
-
Module 4 _ Mining Data StreamLecture58.4
-
Module 5 _ Real Time Big Data ModelsLecture58.5
-
-
Section B - [ AI Notes ] 11
-
Artificial Intelligence NotesLecture59.1
-
Artificial Intelligence Practice ProblemsLecture59.2
-
Basic of Artificial Intelligence Handmade NotesLecture59.3
-
AI Topic wise MCQ’sLecture59.4
-
AI Introductions PPT NotesLecture59.5
-
AI vs ML vs DL and Gen AI PPT NotesLecture59.6
-
Machine Learning and Types PPT NotesLecture59.7
-
Deep Learning + Neural Network & Types PPT NotesLecture59.8
-
Genetic Algorithm PPT NotesLecture59.9
-
Fuzzy Logic PPT NotesLecture59.10
-
AI Domains PPT NotesLecture59.11
-
-
Section B - [ AI Notes for CCAT Exam ] 5
-
AI Domain [ Data Science , Computer Vision , NLP ]Lecture60.1
-
Basics of Artificial IntelligenceLecture60.2
-
Future of AI TrendsLecture60.3
-
Introduction to Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic, and Genetic AlgorithmsLecture60.4
-
Ways to Implement AI – Machine Learning & Deep LearningLecture60.5
-
-
Section B - [ Big Data Notes for CCAT Exam ] 1
-
Big Data Notes for CCAT ExamLecture61.1
-
-
Section C - [ Digital Electronics ] 22
-
1 – Number System Intro 11 minLecture62.1
-
2 – Binary Number System 11 minLecture62.2
-
3 – Octal Number System 09 minLecture62.3
-
4 – Hexadecimal Number System 07 minLecture62.4
-
5 – POS and SOP 13 minLecture62.5
-
6 – K-Map 1 17 minLecture62.6
-
7 – K-Map 2 10 minLecture62.7
-
8 – Logic Gates – 1 12 minLecture62.8
-
9 – Logic Gates – 2 12 minLecture62.9
-
10 – Universal Gates 13 minLecture62.10
-
11. Arithmetic Operations in Binary 08 minLecture62.11
-
12 – Arithmetic Operations using 1_s and 2_s compliment 13 minLecture62.12
-
13 – Arithmetic Operations using 9s and 10s 10 minLecture62.13
-
14 – Excess – 3 05 minLecture62.14
-
15 – Gray Code 07 minLecture62.15
-
16 – Half and Full Adder 13 minLecture62.16
-
17 – Multiplexer and Demultiplexer 06 minLecture62.17
-
18 – SR Flip Flop 07 minLecture62.18
-
19 – JK Flip Flop 05 minLecture62.19
-
20 – D and T Flip Flop 06 minLecture62.20
-
Digital Electronics [Notes]Lecture62.21
-
Digital Electronics Practice ProblemLecture62.22
-
-
Section C - [ Computer Architecture ] 49
-
01 – Introduction 09 minLecture63.1
-
02 – Von Neumann Architecture 13 minLecture63.2
-
03 – Binary Numeric Data Representation 07 minLecture63.3
-
04 – IEEE-754 Floating Point Number Representation 17 minLecture63.4
-
05 – Booth’s Algorithm – Part 1 15 minLecture63.5
-
06 – Booth’s Algorithm – Part 2 10 minLecture63.6
-
07 – Booth’s Algorithm – Part 3 08 minLecture63.7
-
08 – Restoring Division – Part 1 18 minLecture63.8
-
09 – Restoring Division – Part 2 10 minLecture63.9
-
10 – Non-Restoring Division – Part 1 12 minLecture63.10
-
11 – Non-Restoring Division – Part 2 10 minLecture63.11
-
12 – Addressing Modes – Part 1 11 minLecture63.12
-
13 – Addressing Modes – Part 2 13 minLecture63.13
-
14 – Instruction Cycles & Interrupts Mechanism 07 minLecture63.14
-
15 – Hardwired Control Unit 08 minLecture63.15
-
16 – Microprogrammed Control Unit 08 minLecture63.16
-
17 – Hardwired vs Microprogrammed 10 minLecture63.17
-
18 – Wilkie’s Control 10 minLecture63.18
-
19 – RISC Microprocessor 12 minLecture63.19
-
20 – CISC Microprocessor 09 minLecture63.20
-
21 – Memory And It’s Characteristics 09 minLecture63.21
-
22 – DRAM 07 minLecture63.22
-
23 – SRAM 08 minLecture63.23
-
24 – Memory Hierarchy And Locality Of Reference 13 minLecture63.24
-
25 – Cache Memory 07 minLecture63.25
-
26 – Cache Coherence 11 minLecture63.26
-
27 – Cache Coherence Strategies 09 minLecture63.27
-
28 – MESI Protocol 11 minLecture63.28
-
29 – Interleaved Memory 10 minLecture63.29
-
30 – Virtual Memory & Paging Concept 10 minLecture63.30
-
31 – Demand Paging 11 minLecture63.31
-
32 – Memory Segmentation 10 minLecture63.32
-
33 – IO Module, Functions, Requirement & Types 11 minLecture63.33
-
34 – Programmed IO 12 minLecture63.34
-
35 – Interrupt Driven IO 11 minLecture63.35
-
36 – DMA Driven IO 13 minLecture63.36
-
37 – Bus & Bus Arbitration 11 minLecture63.37
-
38 – Daisy Chaining 08 minLecture63.38
-
39 – Polling Methods 07 minLecture63.39
-
40 – Bus Arbitration Independent Request 04 minLecture63.40
-
41 – Parallel Processing & Applications 13 minLecture63.41
-
42 – Flynn’s Classfication 10 minLecture63.42
-
43 – Instruction Level Parallelism 08 minLecture63.43
-
44 – Superscalar Architecture 10 minLecture63.44
-
45 – VLIW 10 minLecture63.45
-
46 – Superscalar vs VLIW 05 minLecture63.46
-
47 – Out Of Order Execution 09 minLecture63.47
-
Computer Architecture [ Notes ]Lecture63.48
-
Computer Architecture MCQLecture63.49
-
-
Section C - [ Microprocessor ] 4
-
Introduction to microprocessor 05 minLecture64.1
-
Von Neumann Architecture 13 minLecture64.2
-
RISC Microprocessor 12 minLecture64.3
-
CISC Microprocessor 09 minLecture64.4
-
-
Section C - [ Microprocessor ] 8086 (Module 1) 10
-
Introduction to Microprocessor 28 minLecture65.1
-
8086 Memory banking [8086] 10 minLecture65.2
-
8086 Memory segmentation [8086] 07 minLecture65.3
-
8086 FLAG REGISTER [8086] 17 minLecture65.4
-
Architecture of 8086 [8086] 14 minLecture65.5
-
Minimum Mode 20 minLecture65.6
-
Timing Diagram 12 minLecture65.7
-
Maximum Mode 28 minLecture65.8
-
8086 interrupts [8086] 14 minLecture65.9
-
Design 8086 Memory Mapping Sum [ VV IMP ] 19 minLecture65.10
-
-
Section C - [ Microprocessor ] 8086 (Module 2) 17
-
8086 Addressing modes [8086] 13 minLecture66.1
-
Data Transfer Instruction 10 minLecture66.2
-
XLAT Translation 07 minLecture66.3
-
DAA and AAA Instruction 16 minLecture66.4
-
Push and POP Instruction 04 minLecture66.5
-
String Instruction 20 minLecture66.6
-
Logical Operation 09 minLecture66.7
-
Arithmetic instructions 14 minLecture66.8
-
8086 Rotate instructions [8086] 12 minLecture66.9
-
8086 Branch instructions [8086] 17 minLecture66.10
-
Programmer Model 14 minLecture66.11
-
Basics of Programming- Addition of 2 Numbers 32 minLecture66.12
-
ALP for Exchange Content of Two Memory Block 11 minLecture66.13
-
Reverse a String- ALP Program 14 minLecture66.14
-
Find a Character in the Given String 11 minLecture66.15
-
ALP to Sort a Array of 10 in Ascending Order 25 minLecture66.16
-
Previous Year ALP All Codes Solution NotesLecture66.17
-
-
Section C - [ Microprocessor ] 8086 (Module 3) 7
-
8255 Architecture Modes and Control Word 19 minLecture67.1
-
Introduction to 8255 + Pin Diagram 08 minLecture67.2
-
8257 DMA CONTROLLER 16 minLecture67.3
-
Introduction to 8259 + Architecture 15 minLecture67.4
-
8259 Initialization 09 minLecture67.5
-
A0 Pin of 8259 04 minLecture67.6
-
ICW and OCW in 8259 22 minLecture67.7
-
-
Section C - [ Microprocessor ] Notes 2
-
Microprocessor [ Notes ]Lecture68.1
-
Microprocessor Practice ProblemLecture68.2
-
-
Quiz 6
-
Section A – Quiz #1 [Free]Lecture69.1
-
Section A – Quiz #2 [Premium]Lecture69.2
-
Section B – Quiz #1 [Free]Lecture69.3
-
Section B – Quiz #2 [Premium]Lecture69.4
-
Section C – Quiz #1 [Free]Lecture69.5
-
Section C – Quiz #2 [Premium]Lecture69.6
-
-
Previous Year Leak Papers 6
-
Section A-17 December 2017Lecture70.1
-
Section A8 18 dec 2016 morningLecture70.2
-
Section B – 17 December 2017Lecture70.3
-
Section B 10 December 2017Lecture70.4
-
Section B – 18 June 2017Lecture70.5
-
SectionB-23-june-2019Lecture70.6
-
-
CCAT Previous Year Leak Paper Solution 8
-
CCAT Section A SOLUTION – 2016Lecture71.1
-
CCAT Section A Solution – DEC 2017Lecture71.2
-
CCAT Sec A DEC 2017 Day 2 SolutionLecture71.3
-
CCAT Sec A June 2019 Paper SolutionLecture71.4
-
CCAT Sec B June 2017 SolutionLecture71.5
-
CCAT SEC B Dec 2017 SolutionLecture71.6
-
CCAT Sec B Dec 2017 Day 2 SolutionLecture71.7
-
CCAT Sec B June 2019 SolutionsLecture71.8
-

CPP Programming
1. Introduction To C++
• Limitations Of C Language
• A Brief History of C++ And Characteristics
• C++ Organization
• Object Oriented Programming
• Basic I/O in C++
• Data Types In C++
• Variable
• Escape sequences
• Constants And Keywords
2.
Object Oriented Programming System in C++
• OOPS in C++
• Classes in C++
• Objects in C++
• Abstraction In C++
• Encapsulation In C++
• Inheritance in C++
• Polymorphism in C++
3.
Functions, Constructors, Structures and
Keywords in C++
• Function definition

• Constructors In C++
• Structures in C++
• const Keyword in C++
• static Keyword in C++
4. [Bonus] Extra Topic
• Exception Handling in C++
• Initializer List in C++
• Header Guards in C++

1. Introduction To C++
★ Limitations Of C Language
The limitations of C programming languages are as follows:
• Difficult to debug.
• C allows a lot of freedom in writing code, and that is why you can put an
empty line or white space anywhere in the program. And because there is no
fixed place to start or end the line, so it isn't easy to read and understand the
program.
• C compilers can only identify errors and are incapable of handling exceptions
(run-time errors).
• C provides no data protection.
• It also doesn't feature the reusability of source code extensively.
• It does not provide strict data type checking (for example, an integer value can
be passed for floating datatype).
Categorisation Of High Level Languages
High-level programming languages
The high-level programming languages can be categorized into different types on
the basis of the application area in which they are employed as well as the
different design paradigms supported by them. The high-level programming
languages are designed for use in a number of areas. Each high-level language is
designed by keeping its target application area in mind. Some of the high-level
languages are best suited for business domains, while others are apt in the scientific
domain only. The high-level language can be categorized on the basis of the various
programming paradigms approved by them. The programming paradigms refer to the
approach employed by the programming language for solving the different types of
problem.
1. Categorisation based on Application
On the basis of application area the high level language can be divided into the
following types:
i) Commercial languages
These programming languages are dedicated to the commercial domain and are
specially designed for solving business-related problems. These languages can be

used in organizations for processing handling the data related to payroll, accounts
payable and tax building applications. COBOL is the best example of the commercial
based high-level programming language employed in the business domain.
ii) Scientific languages
These programming languages are dedicated to the scientific domain and are
specially designed for solving different scientific and mathematical problems. These
languages can be used to develop programs for performing complex calculation
during scientific research. FORTRAN is the best example of scientific based
language.
iii) Special purpose languages
These programming languages are specially designed for performing some dedicated
functions. For example, SQL is a high-level language specially designed to interact
with the database programs only. Therefore we can say that the special purpose
high-level language is designed to support a particular domain area only.
iv) General purpose languages
These programming languages are used for developing different types of software
applications regardless of their application area. The various examples of general
purpose high-level programming languages are BASIC, C, C++, and java.
2.
Categorisation based on Design paradigm
On the basis of design paradigms the high level programming languages can be
categorised into the following types:
i) Procedure-oriented languages
These programming languages are also called an imperative programming language.
In this language, a program is written as a sequence of procedures. Each procedure
contains a series of instructions for performing a specific task. Each procedure can be
called by the other procedures during the program execution. In this type of
programming paradigms, a code once written in the form of a procedure can be used
any number of times in the program by only specifying the corresponding procedure
name. Therefore the procedure-oriented language allows the data to move freely
around the system. The various examples of procedure-oriented language are
FORTRAN, ALGOL, C, BASIC, and ADA.
ii) Logic-oriented languages
These languages use logic programming paradigms as the design approach for
solving various computational problems. In this programming paradigm predicate

logic is used to describe the nature of a problem by defining the relationship between
rules and facts. Prolog is the best example of the logic-oriented programming
language.
iii) Object-oriented languages
These languages use object-oriented programming paradigms as the design approach
for solving a given problem. In this programming language, a problem is divided into
a number of objects which can interact by passing messages to each other. C++ and C# are
examples of object-oriented programming languages.
★ A Brief History of C++
• The history of C++ begins with C. The reason for this is easy to understand:
C++ is built upon the foundation of C. Thus, C++ is a superset of C.
• C++ expanded and enhanced the C language to support object-oriented
programming (which is described later in this module).
• C++ also added several other improvements to the C language, including an
extended set of library routines. However, much of the spirit and flavor of C++
is directly inherited from C. Therefore, to fully understand and appreciate C++,
you need to understand the “how and why” behind C.
• C++ is regarded as a middle-level language, as it comprises a combination of
both high-level and low-level language features.
• The C++ programming language was created by Bjarne Stroustrup and his team
at Bell Laboratories (AT&T, USA) to help implement simulation projects in an
object-oriented and efficient way. The earliest versions, which were originally
referred to as “C with classes,” date back to 1980. As the name C++ implies,
C++ was derived from the C programming language: ++ is the increment
operator in C.
Characteristics of C++
C++ is not a purely object-oriented language but a hybrid that contains the
functionality of the C programming language. This means that you have all the
features that are available in C:
• Universally usable modular programs
• Efficient, close to the machine programming
• Portable programs for various platforms.
★ C++ Organization

• C++ is designed as a bridge between the programmer and the raw computer.
• The idea is to let the programmer organize a program in a way that he or she
can easily understand.
• The compiler then translates the language into something the machine can use.
• Computer programs consist of two main parts: data and instructions. The
computer imposes little or no organization on these two parts.
• After all, computers are designed to be as general as possible. The idea is for
the programmer to impose his or her own organization on the computer and
not the other way around.
C++ Compilation Process
It is fundamental to know how C++ compilation works to understand how programs
are compiled and executed. Compiling C++ source code into machine-readable code
consists of the following four processes:
1. Preprocessing the source code.
2. Compiling the source code.
3. Assembling the compiled file.
4. Linking the object code file to create an executable file.
Let's start with a simple C++ program to understand how compilation happens.
#include <iostream>
int main(){
// This is a single line comment
/* This is a multi-line
comment */
std::cout << "Hello Universe" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
Let's demystify the C++ compilation process using the following diagram:
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1. When the C++ preprocessor encounters the #include <file> directive, it
replaces it with the content of the file creating an expanded source code file.
2. Then, this expanded source code file is compiled into an assembly language
for the platform.
3. The assembler converts the file that's generated by the compiler into the object
code file.
4. This object code file is linked together with the object code files for any
library functions to produce an executable file.
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Difference Between Header and Source Files
Source files contain the actual implementation code. Source files typically have the
extension .cpp, although other extensions such as .cc, .ccx, or .c++ are also quite
common.

On the other hand, header files contain code that describes the functionalities that are
available. These functionalities can be referred to and used by the executable code in
the source files, allowing source files to know what functionality is defined in other
source files.
Compiling And Linking Process
Compilation is a process that ensures that a program is syntactically correct, but it
does not perform any checks regarding its logical correctness. This means that a
program that compiles correctly might still produce undesired results:
Every C++ program needs to define a starting point, that is, the part of the code the
execution should start from. The convention is to have a uniquely named main
function in the source code, which will be the first thing to be executed. This function
is called by the operating system, so it needs to return a value that indicates the status of
the program; for this reason, it is also referred to as the exit status code.
★ Object-Oriented Programming
Central to C++ is object-oriented programming (OOP). As just explained, OOP was
the impetus for the creation of C++. Because of this, it is useful to understand OOP’s
basic principles before you write even a simple C++ program.
Object-oriented programming offers several major advantages to software
development:
• Reduced susceptibility to errors: an object controls access to its own data.
More specifically, an object can reject erroneous access attempts.
• Easy re-use: objects maintain themselves and can therefore be used as
building blocks for other programs.
• Low maintenance requirement: an object type can modify its own internal
data representation without requiring changes to the application.
A First Simple C++ Program
/* This is a simple C++ program. Call this file Sample.cpp. */
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
// A C++ program begins at main().
int main()
{
cout << "C++ is power programming.";
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return 0;
}
Output
/* When run, the program displays the following output:*/
C++ is power programming.
★ Basic I/O in C++
The C++ standard libraries provide an extensive set of input/output capabilities which
we will see in subsequent chapters. This chapter will discuss very basic and most
common I/O operations required for C++ programming.
C++ I/O occurs in streams, which are sequences of bytes. If bytes flow from a device
like a keyboard, a disk drive, or a network connection etc. to main memory, this is
called input operation and if bytes flow from main memory to a device like a display
screen, a printer, a disk drive, or a network connection, etc., this is called output
operation.
I/O Library Header Files
There are following header files important to C++ programs −
The Standard Output Stream (cout)
The predefined object cout is an instance of ostream class. The cout object is said to
be "connected to" the standard output device, which usually is the display screen. The

cout is used in conjunction with the stream insertion operator, which is written as <<
which are two less than signs as shown in the following example.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
char str[] = "Hello C++";
cout << "Value of str is : " << str << endl;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
Value of str is : Hello C++
The C++ compiler also determines the data type of variable to be output and selects
the appropriate stream insertion operator to display the value. The << operator is
overloaded to output data items of built-in types integer, float, double, strings and
pointer values.
The insertion operator << may be used more than once in a single statement as shown
above and endl is used to add a new-line at the end of the line.
The Standard Input Stream (cin)
The predefined object cin is an instance of istream class. The cin object is said to be
attached to the standard input device, which usually is the keyboard. The cin is used
in conjunction with the stream extraction operator, which is written as >> which are
two greater than signs as shown in the following example.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
char name[50];
cout << "Please enter your name: ";
cin >> name;
cout << "Your name is: " << name << endl;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it will prompt you to enter a name.
You enter a value and then hit enter to see the following result −
Please enter your name: cplusplus

Your name is: cplusplus
The C++ compiler also determines the data type of the entered value and selects the
appropriate stream extraction operator to extract the value and store it in the given
variables.
The stream extraction operator >> may be used more than once in a single statement.
To request more than one datum you can use the following −
cin >> name >> age;
This will be equivalent to the following two statements −
cin >> name;
cin >> age;
The Standard Error Stream (cerr)
The predefined object cerr is an instance of ostream class. The cerr object is said to
be attached to the standard error device, which is also a display screen but the object
cerr is un-buffered and each stream insertion to cerr causes its output to appear
immediately.
The cerr is also used in conjunction with the stream insertion operator as shown in
the following example.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
char str[] = "Unable to read
";
cerr << "Error message : " << str << endl;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
Error message : Unable to read
The Standard Log Stream (clog)
The predefined object clog is an instance of ostream class. The clog object is said to
be attached to the standard error device, which is also a display screen but the object
clog is buffered. This means that each insertion to clog could cause its output to be
held in a buffer until the buffer is filled or until the buffer is flushed.
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The clog is also used in conjunction with the stream insertion operator as shown in
the following example.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
char str[] = "Unable to read
";
clog << "Error message : " << str << endl;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
Error message : Unable to read
You would not be able to see any difference in cout, cerr and clog with these small
examples, but while writing and executing big programs the difference becomes
obvious. So it is good practice to display error messages using cerr stream and while
displaying other log messages then clog should be used.
★ Datatypes In C++
There are 4 types of data types in C++ language.
Basic Data Types
The basic data types are integer-based and floating-point based. C++ language
supports both signed and unsigned literals.
The memory size of basic data types may change according to the 32 or 64 bit
operating system.
Let's see the basic data types. Its size is given according to 32 bit OS.
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Derived Data Types
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The data-types that are derived from the primitive or built-in datatypes are referred to
as Derived Data Types. These can be of four types namely:
1. Function
2. Array
3. Pointer
4. Reference
Abstract or User-Defined Data Types
These data types are defined by user itself. Like, defining a class in C++ or a
structure. C++ provides the following user-defined datatypes:
1. Class
2. Structure
3. Union
4. Enumeration
5. Typedef defined DataType
Datatype Modifiers
As the name implies, datatype modifiers are used with the built-in data types to
modify the length of data that a particular data type can hold.
Data type modifiers available in C++ are:
Signed
• Unsigned
• Short
• Long
Below table summarizes the modified size and range of built-in datatypes when
combined with the type modifiers:
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★ Variables
A variable is a name of memory location. It is used to store data. Its value can be
changed and it can be reused many times.
It is a way to represent memory location through symbol so that it can be easily
identified.
Let's see the syntax to declare a variable:
1. int x;
2. float y;

3. char z;
Here, x, y, z are variables and int, float, char are data types.
We can also provide values while declaring the variables as given below:
1. int x=5,b=10; //declaring 2 variable of integer type
2. float f=30.8;
3. char c='A';
Rules for defining variables
1. A variable can have alphabets, digits and underscore.
2. A variable name can start with an alphabet and underscore only. It can't start
with a digit.
3. No white space is allowed within the variable name.
4. A variable name must not be any reserved word or keyword e.g. char, float
etc.
5. Valid variable names:
• int a;
• int _ab;
• int a30;
6. Invalid variable names:
• int 4;
• int x y;
• int double;
Scope Of Variables
In general, the scope is defined as the extent up to which something can be worked
with. In programming also the scope of a variable is defined as the extent of the
program code within which the variable can be accessed or declared or worked with.
There are mainly two types of variable scopes:
1. Local Variables
2. Global Variables
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Now let’s understand each of the scope at a greater detail:
Local Variables
Variables defined within a function or block are said to be local to those functions.
• Anything between ‘{‘ and ‘}’ is said to inside a block.
• Local variables do not exist outside the block in which they are declared, i.e.
they can not be accessed or used outside that block.
• Declaring local variables: Local variables are declared inside a block.
// CPP program to illustrate
// usage of local variables
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void func(){
// this variable is local to the
// function func() and cannot be
// accessed outside this function
int age=18;
}
int main() {
cout<<"Age is: "<<age;
return 0;
}

Output:
Error: age was not declared in this scope
The above program displays an error saying “age was not declared in this scope”. The
variable age was declared within the function func() so it is local to that function and
not visible to portion of program outside this function.
Rectified Program : To correct the above error we have to display the value of
variable age from the function func() only. This is shown in the below program:
// CPP program to illustrate
// usage of local variables
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void func()
{
// this variable is local to the
// function func() and cannot be
// accessed outside this function
int age=18;
cout<<age;
}
int main()
{
cout<<"Age is: ";
func();
return 0;
}
Output:
Age is: 18

Global Variables
As the name suggests, Global Variables can be accessed from any part of the
program.
• They are available throughout the lifetime of a program.
• They are declared at the top of the program outside all of the functions or
blocks.
• Declaring global variables: Global variables are usually declared outside of
all of the functions and blocks, at the top of the program. They can be
accessed from any portion of the program.
// CPP program to illustrate
// usage of global variables
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
// global variable
int global = 5;
// global variable accessed from
// within a function
void display()
{
cout<<global<<endl;
}
// main function
int main()
{
display();
// changing value of global
// variable from main function
global = 10;
display();
}
Output:

5
10
In the program, the variable “global” is declared at the top of the program outside all
of the functions so it is a global variable and can be accessed or updated from
anywhere in the program.
What if there exists a local variable with the same name as that of global
variable inside a function?
Let us repeat the question once again. The question is : if there is a variable inside a
function with the same name as that of a global variable and if the function tries to
access the variable with that name, then which variable will be given precedence?
Local variable or Global variable? Look at the below program to understand the
question:
// CPP program to illustrate
// scope of local variables
// and global variables together
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
// global variable
int global = 5;
// main function
int main()
{
// local variable with same
// name as that of global variable
int global = 2;
cout << global << endl;
}
Look at the above program. The variable “global” declared at the top is global and
stores the value 5 whereas that declared within the main function is local and stores a
value 2. So, the question is when the value stored in the variable named “global” is
printed from the main function then what will be the output? 2 or 5?
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• Usually when two variable with the same name are defined then the compiler
produces a compile time error. But if the variables are defined in different
scopes then the compiler allows it.
• Whenever there is a local variable defined with same name as that of a global
variable then the compiler will give precedence to the local variable
★ Escape Sequences
Escape sequences are used in the programming languages C and C++ , and their
design was copied in many other languages such as Java and C# . Escape sequences
are the special characters used in control string to modify the format of the output.
These characters are not displayed in output. These characters are used with
combination of backslash \. This backslash \ is called escape character.
Table of Escape sequence of C & C++ are as follows:
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★ Constants
Constants refer to fixed values that the program may not alter and they are called
literals.
Constants can be of any of the basic data types and can be divided into Integer
Numerals, Floating-Point Numerals, Characters, Strings and Boolean Values.
Again, constants are treated just like regular variables except that their values cannot
be modified after their definition.
Keywords
This is a list of reserved keywords in C++. Since they are used by the language, these
keywords are not available for re-definition or overloading.
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