Imperative Programming

Imperative Programming

Imperative Programming is a semester 1 subject of BSc IT offered by Mumbai University.

The course Imperative Programming contains the following subtopics.The introduction contains Types of Programming languages, History, features, and applications. Simple program logic, program development cycle, pseudocode statements and flowchart symbols, sentinel value to end a program, programming and user environments, evolution of programming models., desirable program characteristics. Fundamentals: Structure of a program. Compilation and Execution of a Program, Character Set, identifiers and keywords, data types, constants, variables and arrays, declarations, expressions, statements, Variable definition, symbolic constants. Module Operators and Expressions contain Arithmetic operators, unary operators, relational and logical operators, assignment operators, assignment operators, the conditional operator, library functions. Data Input and output: Single character input and output, entering input data, scanf function, printf function, gets and puts functions, interactive programming. Conditional Statements and Loops: Decision Making Within A Program, Conditions, Relational Operators, Logical Connectives, If Statement, If-Else Statement, Loops: While Loop, Do While, For Loop. Nested Loops, Infinite Loops, Switch Statement Functions: Overview, defining a function, accessing a function, passing arguments to a function, specifying argument data types, function prototypes, recursion, modular programming and functions, standard library of c functions, prototype of a function: foo1lal parameter list, return type, function call, block structure, passing arguments to a function: call by reference, call by value. Program structure: Storage classes, automatic variables, external variables, static variables, multifile programs, more library functions, Preprocessor: Features, #define and #include, Directives and Macros Arrays: Definition, processing, passing arrays to functions, multidimensional arrays, arrays and strings. Pointers: Fundamentals, declarations, Pointers Address Operators, Pointer Type Declaration, Pointer Assignment, Pointer Initialization, Pointer Arithmetic, Functions and Pointers, Arrays And Pointers, Pointer Arrays, passing functions to other functions. Structures and Unions: Structure Variables, Initialization, Structure Assignment, Nested Structure, Structures and Functions, Structures and Arrays: Arrays of Structures, Structures Containing Arrays, Unions, Structures and pointers.

In computer science, a data structure is a data organization, management, and storage format that enables efficient access and modification.More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data. A data structure is a particular way of organizing data in a computer so that it can be used effectively. For example, we can store a list of items having the same data-type using the array data structure. A Graph is a non-linear data structure consisting of nodes and edges. The nodes are sometimes also referred to as vertices and the edges are lines or arcs that connect any two nodes in the graph. a linked list is a linear collection of data elements whose order is not given by their physical placement in memory. Instead, each element points to the next. It is a data structure consisting of a collection of nodes which together represent a sequence. A stack is an Abstract Data Type (ADT), commonly used in most programming languages. It is named stack as it behaves like a real-world stack, for example – a deck of cards or a pile of plates, etc. In computer science, a queue is a collection of entities that are maintained in a sequence and can be modified by the addition of entities at one end of the sequence and the removal of entities from the other end of the sequence. The Pointer in C, is a variable that stores address of another variable. A pointer can also be used to refer to another pointer function. A pointer can be incremented/decremented, i.e., to point to the next/ previous memory location. The purpose of pointer is to save memory space and achieve faster execution time.

C is a general-purpose, procedural computer programming language supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, with a static type system. By design, C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions. It has found lasting use in applications previously coded in assembly language. Such applications include operating systems and various application software for computer architectures that range from supercomputers to PLCs and embedded systems. A successor to the programming language B, C was originally developed at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to construct utilities running on Unix. It was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system. During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of the most widely used programming languages, with C compilers from various vendors available for the majority of existing computer architectures and operating systems. C has been standardized by the ANSI since 1989 (ANSI C) and by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). C is an imperative procedural language. It was designed to be compiled to provide low-level access to memory and language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions, all with minimal runtime support. Despite its low-level capabilities, the language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming. A standards-compliant C program written with portability in mind can be compiled for a wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code. In computer science, a data structure is a data organization, management, and storage format that enables efficient access and modification. More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data.

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