1.What do you mean by a positional-weighted system?

Ans:

A positional-weighted system is one in which the values attached to the symbols depend on their location with respect to the radix point.

2.Name some positional-weighted systems.

Ans:

Binary, Octal, Decimal, and Hexadecimal are the commonly used positional-weighted number systems.

3.What do the number's extreme right and left digits indicate?

Ans:

In a number, the extreme left digit is the MSD and the extreme right digit is the LSD

4.Why is the binary number system used in digital systems?

Ans:

The Binary number system is used in digital systems because the devices used in digital systems operate in two states (ON and OFF) and the signals have two levels that are conveniently represented using the binary number system.

5.Define:
i)Bit             ii)Nibble
iii)Byte             iv)Word

Ans:

i)Bit: A binary digit is called a bit.
ii)Nibble: Each 4-bit binary group is called a nibble.
iii)Byte: Each 8-bit binary group is called a byte.
iv)Word: A group of bits processed by a digital system at a time is called a word.

6.What is the easiest way to convert large decimal numbers into binary and vice versa?

Ans:

The easiest way to convert large decimal numbers into binary and vice versa is via the hexadecimal system.

7. How is subtraction donned by the complement method?

Ans:

Subtraction in any number system with base b can be performed by using b’s complement method or (b-1)’s complement method.

8. Explain the sign-magnitude representation of numbers.

Ans:

In the sign-magnitude representation of numbers, the MSB is used to represent sign (0 for positive and 1 for negative) and the remaining bits represent the magnitude in straight binary form.

9.Why is hexadecimal code widely used in digital systems?

Ans:

Hexadecimal code is widely used in digital systems because it is very convenient to enter binary data in a digital system using hex code.

10. How do you convert an octal number into binary?

Ans:

To convert an octal number into binary, replace each octal digit with its 3-bit binary equivalent.

11. How do you convert the binary numbers into octal?

Ans:

To convert a binary number into octal, starting from the binary point make groups of 3-bits on either side of the binary point and replace each 3-bit group with an octal digit. The required number of 0s can be added to the left of the integer part and to the right of the fraction part.

12. How do you convert a binary number into hex?

Ans:

To convert a binary number into hex, starting from the binary point make groups of 4-bits on either side of the binary point and replace each 4-bit group with a hex digit.

13. How do you convert a hex number into binary?

Ans:

To convert a hex number into binary, replace each hex digit by its 4-bit binary equivalent

14. How we can achieve excess-3 code?

Ans:

The excess – 3 code of a decimal number is achieved by adding the number 3 to the 8421 code. It is the reflective code.

15. What is gray code?

Ans:

The gray code is the code where one bit will be different from the preceding number. For example, decimal numbers 13 and 14 are represented by gray code numbers 1011 and 1001, these numbers differ only in a single position that is the second position from the right. In the same way, the first position on the left changes for 7 and 8 which are 0100 and 1100, and this is also called the Unit-distance code. The gray code has a very special place in digital electronics.

16. What are Logic gates?

Ans:

The basic gates that make up the digital system are called logic gates. The circuit that can operate on many binary inputs to perform a particular logic function is called an electronic circuit.

17. What are the basic Logic gates?

Ans:

There are three basic logic gates-
● AND gate.
● OR gate.
● NOT gate.

18. Which gates are called Universal gates and what are their advantages ?

Ans:

The Universal gates are NAND and NOR. The advantages of these gates are that they can be used for any logic calculation.

19. What is NOT gate?

Ans:

● NOT is the most simple logic gate.
● All it does is take in an input that is either ON or OFF and spits out the opposite.
● So for a 1, it will give a 0, and for a 0 it will give a 1.
● Another name for a NOT gate is inverter because it inverts (makes opposite) the input.

20. What is AND gate?

Ans:

● Unlike NOT, AND needs two inputs
● It only turns on when both inputs are ON
● If only one input is on, it spits out OFF
● If both inputs are off, it spits out OFF

21. What is OR gate?

Ans:

● OR also needs two inputs
● OR needs one input to be ON for it to spit out ON
● It is also ON when both inputs are ON
● It is OFF when both inputs are OFF

22. What is the XOR gate?

Ans:

● XOR is the short way to say “Exclusive OR”
● Like OR, XOR also only needs one input to be ON for it to spit out ON
● But unlike OR, when both inputs are ON, XOR spits out OFF
● It is also OFF when both inputs are OFF

23. What is Computer architecture?

Ans:

Computer architecture is the organization of the components which make up a computer system and the meaning of the operations which guide its function. It defines what is seen on the machine interface, which is targeted by programming languages and their compilers.

24. What are the categories of computer architecture ?

Ans:

There are three categories of computer architecture, and all work together to make a machine function:
● System Design
● Instruction Set Architecture(ISA)
● Microarchitecture

25. What is von Neumann architecture?

Ans:

The central computation concept of this architecture is that instructions and data are both loaded into the same memory unit, which is the main memory of the computer and consists of a set of addressable locations. The processor can then access the instructions and data required for the execution of a computer program using dedicated connections called buses – an address bus which is used to identify the addressed location and a data bus which is used to transfer the contents to and from a location.

26. What are the differences between computer architecture and computer organization ?

Ans:

Computer architecture	Computer organization
1. Architecture describes what the computer does	1. The Organization describes how it does it.
2. Computer Architecture deals with the functional behavior of computer systems.	2. Computer Organization deals with a structural relationship.
3. Architecture indicates its hardware	3. Where Organization indicates its performance.

27.What are the components of a computer?

Ans:

There are various components of a computer:
i)Input
ii)CPU – Central Processing Unit
iii)ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit
iv)CU – Control Unit
v)Memory Unit
vi)Output

28. What do you mean by BCD codes?

Ans:

Numeric codes used to represent decimal digits are called binary coded decimal (BCD) codes.

29. Why are BCD codes required?

Ans:

We are very comfortable with the decimal number system, but digital systems force us to use the binary system. Although the binary number system has many practical advantages and is widely used in digital computers, in many cases it is very convenient to work with decimal numbers especially when communication between man and machine is extensive. Since most of the numerical data generated by man are in decimal numbers, to simplify the communication process between man and machine BCD codes are used.