1.What is mean by estimating?

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Estimate is a forecast of its probable cost. The process of preparing estimate is known as estimating

2. What are the types of estimate?

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Types of estimates are:
   1. Approximate estimate
   2. Detailed estimate

3.What are the various types of approximate estimate?

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Various stacks of approximate estimate are
   1. Service unit method
   2. Linked area or square meter method
   3. Cubical content or cubic meter
   4. Typical Bay method

4. What is the purpose of estimating and costing?

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Purpose of estimating and costing
   1. To know the cost of work
   2. To know the laborers required
   3. To know the tools plants and machinery required
   4. To know the time required
   5. Administrative approval
   6. Technical sanction
   7. Framing tax assessment
   8. Preliminary discussion over the project
   9. Tender document
   10. Budget provision
   11. Sale price of flat

5.Give the service units for the different building.

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Hospital- bed
Cinema hall- seat
Hotel- room
Stadium- seat
Office- room

6.State the necessity of revised estimate

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Necessity of revised estimate is
   1. Change in cost
   2. Changes in design and drawing
   3. Changes in quantity of materials and rates

7. Write the units of following items

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Earth excavation – cubic meter
PCC- cubic meter
Vent pipe – running meter
Half brick wall - square meter
Electric wiring or electrification Light fan plug points – Points

8. IS 1200 is published in how many parts?

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It deals with method of measurement of buildings and civil engineering works. It is published in 25 parts separately dealing with method of measurement for earthwork, brick, stone, etc.

1.What is specification?

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Ans. The manner in which the work is to be executed is called specification it includes
   • Material specification which tells the quality of material.
   • workmanship specification, which tells about how the work is to be executed.

2.What are the various percentage of steels used in estimate ?

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1. for lintels and slabs 0.7 to 1%
2. columns 1 to 5%
3. Beams 1 to 2%
4. Foundation and footing 0.5 to 0.8%

3.State the formula for calculating weight of bar ?

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Weight of bar in kg/m = (dia of bar/18)2x2

4.What is the density of mild steel?

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Density of mild steel = 7850 kg/m3

5.What is lead and lift ?

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Lead: Lead is a horizontal movement of material from the stacking point to the site. The standard lead is 30m.
Lift: Lift is a vertical movement of material. The standard lift is 1.5m

6.State the rules for deductions in brickwork

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No deductions shall be made for the following:
   1. Opening upto 1 sq.m in area
   2. Ends of beams, lintels, posts, etc. Upto 0.05 sq.m in section.
   3. Wall plates, bed plates, bearing of slabs, etc.
   4. Iron hold fasts.

1.What is the length of hook?

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Length of hook= 9d (d= diameter of bar in mm)

2.What is the length of bent up bar, bent at 45?

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Length of bent up bar = 0.42D

3. What is the length of one-legged stirrups and two legged stirrups?

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Length of one legged stirrups = A+2B +2(14D)
Length of two legged stirrups = 2(A+B) + 2(12D)

4. How is weight of bar per meter calculated in terms of kg?

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Weight of bar per meter in kg= (diameter of bar in mm)²/162

5. If the diameter of bar is given as 10mm. Calculate the weight of bar per meter.

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Weight of bar per meter = (diameter of bar in mm)²/162 = (10)²/162 = 0.62kg

6.What are methods of preparing detailed estimate?

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There are two methods
Unit quantity method and total quantity method

7.What are the two different methods of taking out quantities ?

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There are two methods of taking out quantities:
   1. P.W.D method also known as Long wall and short wall method.
   2. Centre line method.

1.What are the different methods of calculating earthwork ?

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The earthwork is calculated by following three methods:
   1. Mean – sectional area method
   2. Mid – sectional area method
   3. Prismoidal formula method

2.How is depth of cutting and banking calculated ?

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Depth of cutting or banking = F.L. – R.L of ground = Top R.L. of road – R.L of ground.

3.If you are given with value of F.L at 0 chainage. How will you calculate the value of F.L at next chainage ?

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F.L at next chainage = F.L at previous chainage ± (1/Gradient) × difference in chainage. ‘+’ sign for rising gradient and ‘-’ sign for falling gradient.

4.If the side slope is given as 1:n(V:H) then the value of S will be ?

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S=n

5.What is mass haul diagram ?

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The mass haul diagram is a curve plotted on a distance base with the ordinate at any point on the curve representing the algebraic sum of the volume of earthwork up that point. The mass haul diagram helps to determine the economy in a better way.

6.What do you understand by the term haul ?

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A haul refers to the transportation of your project’s excavated materials. The haul includes the movement of material from the position where you excavated it to the disposal area or a specified location. A haul is also sometimes referred to as an authorized haul.
Haul = Σ Volume of earthwork × Distance moved

1.What are the types of contracts?

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Following are the types of contracts:
   1. Lumpsum contract
   2. Item rate contract
   3. Percentage rate contract
      • Cost plus percentage rate contract
      • Cost plus fixed fee contract
      • Cost plus fluctuating fee contract
   4. Labour contract
   5. Demolition contract
   6. Fee contract
   7. Target contract
   8. Negotiated contract
   9. Material supply contract
   10. All in contract
   11. Sub-contract
   12. D.G.S or D. Rate contract

2.What is the term earnest money?

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It can be defined as the initial deposit to be sent along with the tender in order to show the interest of the contractor to secure the work.

3.What is the percentage value of earnest money?

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The amount of earnest money maybe 1% to 2% of the tender amount.

4.What is security deposit?

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When the tender of particular contract is accepted, he is asked to deposit further amount with the department varying from 2% to 10% of the estimated cost.

1.What is valuation?

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Valuation is the art of assesing the present fair value of property.

2.Define cost, price, value.

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Cost: It is the original cost of construction i.e. cost of materials and labours.
Price: It is the amount of money paid to the seller by the purchaser of the property.
Value: It is the present market value which may not be necessary same as that of the cost of an item. It may be higher or lower than the cost.

3.What are the types of value ?

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1. Book value
2. Scrap value
3. Salvage value
4. Speculative value
5. Distress value
6. Market value
7. Monopoly value
8. Sentimental value

4.Define Salvage value and scrap value

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Scrap value is the value of dismantled materials of the structure at the end of the utility period. Salvage value can be defined as the value of structure without being dismantled at the end of its utility period.

5.Define depreciation and Obsolescence

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Depreciation: A property gradually looses some value due to its wear and tear and similar other causes. This loss in the value of the property is called depreciation.
Obsolescence: The value of property or structure becomes less by its becoming out of date in style, in fashion, in design, and old due to new inventions. This is known as obsolescence.

6.State the methods of calculating depreciation

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1. Straight line method
2. Sinking fund method
3. Constant percentage method
4. Quantity survey method

7.What is belting method of valuation?

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When the value of a land is to be calculated which is spreading in wide area, belting method of valuation is adopted in such cases. The entire land area is divided into number of belts/rows and the value of each belted area is calculated separately and then summed up together at the end to get the value of land.