1. _______ is a horizontal structural member subjected to transverse loads perpendicular to its axis.
a) Strut
b) Column
c) Beam
d) Truss
Answer: c
Explanation: A beam is a horizontal structural member subjected to a transverse load perpendicular to its own axis. Beams are used to support weights of roof slabs, walls and staircases. The type of beam usually depends upon the span, type of load elasticity and type of structure.

2. Example for cantilever beam is ______
a) Portico slabs
b) Roof slab
c) Bridges
d) Railway sleepers
Answer: a
Explanation: A beam which is fixed at one end and is free at other end, it is called cantilever beam. The examples for it are portico slabs and sunshades.

3. Fixed beam is also known as __________
a) Encastered beam
b) Built on beam
c) Rigid beam
d) Tye beam
Answer: a
Explanation: A beam which is fixed at both supports is called fixed beam or encastered beam. All framed structures are examples of fixed beams.

4. U.D.L stands for?
a) Uniformly diluted length
b) Uniformly developed loads
c) Uniaxial distributed load
d) Uniformly distributed loads
Answer: d
Explanation: These loads are uniformly spread over a portion or whole area. They are generally represented as rate of load that is Kilo Newton per meter length (KN/m).

5. Moving train is an example of ____ load.
a) Point load
b) Cantered load
c) Rolling load
d) Uniformly varying load
Answer: c
Explanation: As train’s wheels (rolling stock) move in rolling way. The upcoming load will be considered as rolling load.

6. Continuous beams are _________
a) Statically determinate beams
b) Statically indeterminate beams
c) Statically gravity beams
d) Framed beams
Answer: b
Explanation: Fixed beams and continuous beams are statically indeterminate beams which cannot be analyzed only by using static equations.

7. Units of U.D.L?
a) KN/m
b) KN-m
c) KN-m×m
d) KN
Answer: a
Explanation: As these loads distribute over span the units for this kind of loads will be load per meter length i.e KN/m. It is denoted by “w”.

8. Shear force is unbalanced _____ to the left or right of the section.
a) Horizontal force
b) Vertical force
c) Inclined force
d) Conditional force
Answer: b
Explanation: The shear force at the cross section of a beam may also be defined as the unbalanced vertical force to the left or right of the section. It is also the algebraic sum of all the forces I get to the left to the right of the section.

9. SI units of shear force is _______________
a) kN/m
b) kN-m
c) kN
d) m/N
Answer: c
Explanation: As shear force at any section is equal to the algebraic sum of the forces, the units of the shear force are also in kilo newtons and it is denoted by kN.

10. Shear force is diagram is _______ representation of shear force plotted as ordinate.
a) Scalar
b) Aerial
c) Graphical
d) Statically
Answer: c
Explanation: Shear Force diagram is a graphical representation of the shear force plotted as ordinate on baseline representing the axis of the Beam.

11. Hogging is________
a) Negative bending moment
b) Positive shear force
c) Positive bending moment
d) Negative shear force
Answer: a
Explanation: The bending moment at a section is considered to be negative when it causes convexity upwards or concavity at bottom, such bending moment is called hogging bending moment or negative bending moment.

12. At the point of contraflexure, the value of bending moment is ____________
a) Zero
b) Maximum
c) Can’t be determined
d) Minimum
Answer: a
Explanation: A point at which bending moment changes its sign from positive to negative and vice versa. Such point is termed as point of contraflexure. At this point, the value of bending moment is zero (0).

13. _________ positive/negative bending moments occur where shear force changes its sign.
a) Minimum
b) Zero
c) Maximum
d) Remains same
Answer: c
Explanation: If shear force and bending moment values obtained are thus plotted as a diagram, the SF & BM relationship always behaves vice versa.

14. SI units of Bending moment is ___________
a) kN
b) kN2
c) kNm
d) km
Answer: c
Explanation: Moment is a product of force and perpendicular distance and the bending moment is the algebraic sum of moments taken away from the left or the right of the section hence the SI units of bending moment is same as the moment i.e kNm.

15. What is the other name for a positive bending moment?
a) Hogging
b) Sagging
c) Inflation
d) Contraflexure
Answer: b
Explanation: The bending moment at a section is considered to be positive when it causes convexity downwards such bending moment is called sagging bending moment positive bending moment.

16. Which of these is the correct way of sign convention for shear force?
a) R U P
b) L U P
c) R U N
d) L D P
Answer: c
Explanation: According to the theoretical approach, there are many sign conventions to follow but the standard one is “right upwards negative” the sign convention is thoroughly followed unanimously.

17. At hinge, the moments will be _________
a) Maximum
b) Minimum
c) Uniform
d) Zero
Answer: d
Explanation: At the support of a member, there is no distance prevailing to take the upcoming load. As we know the moment is a product of force and perpendicular distance, but at hinge (end support) the distance is zero. Hence the moment developed is zero.

18. What is variation in SFD, if the type of loading in the simply supported beam is U.D.L is ____
a) Rectangle
b) Linear
c) Trapezoidal
d) Parabolic
Answer: b
Explanation: The shear force is defined as the algebraic sum of all the forces taken from any one of the section. If you figure out the SFD for a simply supported beam carrying U.D.L throughout its entire length, in the SFD we can observe that shear force is same at supports. In the centre, the shear force is zero. Hence the diagram varies linearly.

19. The shear force in a beam subjected to pure positive bending is _____
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) Cannot determine
Answer: c
Explanation: In the determination of shear force and bending moment diagrams it is clear that shear force changes its sign when the bending moment in a beam is maximum and the shear force in a beam subjected to pure positive bending will be zero as the neutralizing effect comes under.

20. In SFD, vertical lines are for ______
a) Point loads
b) UDL
c) UVL
d) LDP
Answer: a
Explanation: Shear Force diagram started from left side of the m as per the load. For point loads draw vertical lines and under UDL draw slope lines.

21. A cantilever beam loaded with udl throughout, the maximum shear force occurs at____
a) Free end
b) Fixed end
c) At centre
d) At point of contraflexure
Answer: b
Explanation: In a case of a cantilever beam subjected to udl, at the free end there will be zero shear force because, we need to convert udl to load by multiplying with distance. Hence at the fixed end the shear force is w×l i.e (maximum).

22. A simply supported beam of span 1 m carries a point load “w” in centre determine the shear force in the half left of the beam.
a) W/3
b) W/4
c) W/2
d) W
Answer: c
Explanation: Let the two ends of the beam be A and B, the given load on a beam is symmetrical hence RA = RB= W/2. SFD at any section in the left of the beam is equal to the W/2. SFDat any section in the right half of the beam is equal to -W/2.

23. At the Point of contraflexure, what is the value of bending moment?
a) one
b) zero
c) three
d) infinity
Answer: b
Explanation: Point of contraflexure in a beam is a point at which bending moment changes its sign from positive to negative and vice versa. At the point of contraflexure, the value of bending moment is zero.

24. When SF is zero, the bending moment is _____
a) Zero
b) Maximum
c) Very difficult to say
d) Minimum
Answer: b
Explanation: When is shear force changes its sign, the bending moment in a beam will be either maximum positive or maximum negative. This is because of the sign convention adopted.

25. A cantilever beam subjected to point load at its free end, the maximum bending moment develops at the ________ of the beam.
a) Free end
b) Fixed end
c) Centre
d) Point of inflection
Answer: b
Explanation: As the moment is the product of perpendicular distance and force. In cantilever beam, at its free end the moment will be zero as there is no distance, but at the fixed end the moment is maximum that is W×l.

26. Bending moment in a beam is maximum when the _________
a) Shear force is minimum
b) Shear force is maximum
c) Shear force is zero
d) Shear force is constant
Answer: c
Explanation: The maximum bending moment occurs in a beam, when the shear force at that section is zero or changes the sign because at point of contra flexure the bending moment is zero.

27. Positive bending moment is known as _______
a) Hogging
b) Sagging
c) Ragging
d) Inflection
Answer: a
Explanation: The positive bending moment in a section is considered because it causes convexity downwards. Such bending moment is called a sagging bending moment or positive bending moment.

28. The maximum BM is ______
a) 40 kNm
b) 50 kNm
c) 90 kNm
d) 75 kNm
Answer: c
Explanation: Above diagram depicts cantilever beam subjected to point load at the free end. The maximum bending moment at A is W × I
= 30 × 3
= 90 kNm.

29. Bending moment can be denoted by ____
a) K
b) M
c) N
d) F
Answer: b
Explanation: Bending moment is the product of force and perpendicular distance. Units are kNm
It is denoted by “M”. Whereas SF is denoted by “F”.

30. Number of points of contra flexure for a double over hanging beam.
a) 3
b) 2
c) 4
d) Infinite
Answer: b
Explanation: Point of contraflexure in a beam is a point at which bending moment changes its sign from positive to negative and vice versa. In the case of overhanging beam, there will be two points of contraflexure.

31. Maximum bending moment in a cantilever beam subjected to udl (w)over the entire span (l).
a) wl
b) wl3
c) wl2
d) w
Answer: c
Explanation: In a cantilever beam the maximum bending moment occurs at the fixed end. Moment at the free end is 0 and maximum at the fixed end. Maximum shear force is w×l.

32. What is the bending moment at end supports of a simply supported beam?
a) Maximum
b) Minimum
c) Zero
d) Uniform
Answer: c
Explanation: At the end supports, the moment (couple) developed is zero, because there is no distance to take the perpendicular acting load. As the distance is zero, the moment is obviously zero.

33. What is the maximum shear force, when a cantilever beam is loaded with udl throughout?
a) w×l
b) w
c) w/l
d) w+l
Answer: a
Explanation: In cantilever beams, the maximum shear force occurs at the fixed end. In the free end, there is zero shear force. As we need to convert the udl in to load, we multiply the length of the cantilever beam with udl acting upon. For maximum shear force to obtain we ought to multiply load and distance and it surely occurs at the fixed end (w×l).

34. Sagging, the bending moment occurs at the _____ of the beam.
a) At supports
b) Mid span
c) Point of contraflexure
d) Point of emergence
Answer: b
Explanation: The positive bending moment is considered when it causes convexity downward or concavity at top. This is sagging. In simply supported beams, it occurs at mid span because the bending moment at the supports obviously will be zero hence the positive bending moment occurs in the mid span.

35. What is the maximum bending moment for simply supported beam carrying a point load “W” kN at its centre?
a) W kNm
b) W/m kNm
c) W×l kNm
d) W×l/4 kNm
Answer: d
Explanation: We know that in simply supported beams the maximum BM occurs at the central span.
Moment at A = Moment at B = 0
Moment at C = W/2 × l/2 = Wl/ 4 kNm (Sagging).

36. ________ curve is formed due to bending of over hanging beams.
a) Elastic
b) Plastic
c) Flexural
d) Axial
Answer: a
Explanation: The line to which the longitudinal axis of a beam bends or deflects or deviates under given load is known as elastic curve on deflection curve. Elastic curve can also be known as elastic line or elastic axis.

37. The relation between slope and maximum bending moment is _________
a) Directly proportion
b) Inversely proportion
c) Relative proportion
d) Mutual incidence
Answer: b
Explanation: The relationship between slope and maximum bending moment is inversely proportional because, For example in simply supported beams slope is maximum at supports and zero at midspan of a symmetrically loaded beam where as bending moment is zero at supports and maximum at mid span. Hence we conclude that slope and maximum bending moment are inversely proportional to each other in a case of the simply supported beam.

1. The axis about which moment of area is taken is known as ____________
a) Axis of area
b) Axis of moment
c) Axis of reference
d) Axis of rotation
Answer: c
Explanation: The axis of reference is the axis about which moment of area is taken. Most of the times it is either the standard x or y axis or the centeroidal axis.

2. Point, where the total volume of the body is assumed to be concentrated is ____________
a) Center of area
b) Centroid of volume
c) Centroid of mass
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The centroid of the volume is the point where total volume is assumed to be concentrated. It is the geometric centre of a body. If the density is uniform throughout the body, then the center of mass and center of gravity correspond to the centroid of volume. The definition of the centroid of volume is written in terms of ratios of integrals over the volume of the body.

3. What is MOI?
a) ml2
b) mal
c) ar2
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The formula of the moment of inertia is, MOI = ar2 where
M = mass, a = area, l = length, r = distance.

4. What is the unit of radius of gyration?
a) m4
b) m
c) N
d) m2
Answer: b
Explanation: The radius of gyration = (length4/length2)1/2 = length
So its unit will be m.

5. What will be the the radius of gyration of a circular plate of diameter 10cm?
a) 1.5cm
b) 2.0cm
c) 2.5cm
d) 3cm
Answer: c
Explanation: The moment of inertia of a circle, I = πD4/64 = 491.07 cm4
The area of circle = 78.57 cm,
Radius of gyration = (I/A)1/2 = 2.5 cm.

6. In simple bending, ______ is constant.
a) Shear force
b) Loading
c) Deformation
d) Bending moment
Answer: d
Explanation: If a beam is undergone with simple bending, the beam deforms under the action of bending moment. If this bending moment is constant and does not affect by any shear force, then the beam is in state of simple bending.

7. If a beam is subjected to pure bending, then the deformation of the beam is_____
a) Arc of circle
b) Triangular
c) Trapezoidal
d) Rectangular
Answer: a
Explanation: The beam being subjected to pure bending, there will be only bending moment and no shear force it results in the formation of an arc of circle with some radius known as radius of curvature.

8. When a beam is subjected to simple bending, ____________ is the same in both tension and compression for the material.
a) Modulus of rigidity
b) Modulus of elasticity
c) Poisson’s ratio
d) Modulus of section
Answer: b
Explanation: It is one of the most important assumptions made in the theory of simple bending that is the modulus of elasticity that is Young’s modulus [E] is same in both tension and compression for the material and the stress in a beam do not exceed the elastic limit.

9. E/R = M/I = f/y is a bending equation.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: The above-mentioned equation is absolutely correct.
E/R = M/I = f/y is a bending equation. It is also known as flexure equation (or) equation for theory of simple bending.
Where,
E stands for Young’s modulus or modulus of elasticity.
R stands for radius of curvature.
M stands for bending moment
I stand for moment of inertia
f stands for bending stress
y stands for neutral axis.

10. Maximum Shearing stress in a beam is at _____
a) Neutral axis
b) Extreme fibres
c) Mid span
d) Action of loading
Answer: a
Explanation: Shearing stress is defined as the resistance offered by the internal stress to the shear force. Shearing stress in a beam is maximum at a neutral axis.

11. At the neutral axis, bending stress is _____
a) Minimum
b) Maximum
c) Zero
d) Constant
Answer: c
Explanation: Neutral axis is defined as a line of intersection of neutral plane or neutral layer on a cross section at the neutral axis of that section. At the NA, bending stress or bending strain is zero. The first moment of area of a beam section about neutral axis is also zero. The layer of neutral axis neither contracts nor extends.

12. Curvature of the beam is __________ to bending moment.
a) Equal
b) Directly proportion
c) Inversely proportion
d) Coincides
Answer: b
Explanation: From the flexural equation, we have 1/R is called as the “curvature of the beam”.
1 / R = M / EI
Hence the curvature of the beam is directly proportional to bending moment and inversely proportional to flexural rigidity (EI).

13. What is the product of force and radius?
a) Twisting shear
b) Turning shear
c) Turning moment
d) Tilting moment
Answer: c
Explanation: Twisting moment will be equal to the product of the perpendicular force and existing radius. Denoted by letter T and SI units are Nm.

14. _________ of a beam is a measure of its resistance against deflection.
a) Strength
b) Stiffness
c) Deflection
d) Slope
Answer: b
Explanation: A beam is said to be a strength when the maximum induced bending and shear stresses are within the safe permissible stresses stiffness of a beam is a measure of its resistance against deflection.

15. To what radius an Aluminium strip 300 mm wide and 40mm thick can be bent, if the maximum stress in a strip is not to exceed 40 N/mm2. Take young’s modulus for Aluminium is 7×105 N/mm2.
a) 45m
b) 52m
c) 35m
d) 65m
Answer: c
Explanation: Here, b = 300mm
d= 40mm. y= 20mm.
From the relation; E/R = f/y
R= E×y/f
=70×103 × 20 / 40
= 35m.

16. The bending stress in a beam is ______ to bending moment.
a) Less than
b) Directly proportionate
c) More than
d) Equal
Answer: b
Explanation: As we know, the bending stress is equal to bending moment per area. Hence, as the bending (flexure) moment increases/decreases the same is noticed in the bending stress too.

17. The Poisson’s ratio for concrete is __________
a) 0.4
b) 0.35
c) 0.12
d) 0.2
Answer: d
Explanation: The ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain is called Poisson’s ratio. The value of poisons ratio for elastic materials usually lies between 0.25 and 0.33 and in no case exceeds 0.5. The Poisson’s ratio for concrete is 0.20.

18. The term “Tenacity” means __________
a) Working stress
b) Ultimate stress
c) Bulk modulus
d) Shear modulus
Answer: b
Explanation: The ultimate stress of a material is the greatest load required to fracture the material divided by the area of the original cross section in the point of fracture The ultimate stress is also known as tenacity.

19. The bending strain is zero at _______
a) Point of contraflexure
b) Neutral axis
c) Curvature
d) Line of action of loading
Answer: b
Explanation: The neutral axis is a line of intersection of neutral plane or neutral layer on a cross section. The neutral axis of a beam passes through the centroid of the section. At the neutral axis bending stress and bending strain is zero.

20. Strength of the beam depends only on the cross section.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: The strength of two beams of the same material can be compared by the section modulus values. The strength of beam depends on the material, size and shape of cross section. The beam is stronger when section modulus is more, strength of the beam depends on Z.

21. The center of gravity of a circle of radius 10 cm will be _____________
a) At its center of the diameter
b) At the center of the radius
c) Anywhere on the circumference
d) Anywhere in its area
Answer: a
Explanation: The whole weight of a circle can be assumed to act through its center. So the center of gravity of a circle is at its center. Whatever may be the radius of the circle the center of gravity will be on its center.

22. A rectangle has dimension of 10cm x 20cm. where will be its center of gravity?
a) (10,10)
b) (20,5)
c) (10,5)
d) (5,10)
Answer: c
Explanation: The centre of gravity of this rectangular area will be half of 10cm from x-axis and half of 20cm from y-axis. therefore the center of gravity will be at (10,5).

23. Where will be the center of gravity of an I section will be if the dimension of web is 2x20cm and that of flange is 2x15cm If the y-axis will pass through the center of the section?
a) 8.5cm
b) 9.5cm
c) 10.5cm
d) 11.5cm
Answer: b
Explanation: The center of gravity is given by, y = (a1y1 + a2y2 + a3y3) / (a1 + a2 + a3) = (40×18 + 30×9.5 +40×1 / (40 +30+40) = 9.5cm.

24. Where will be the center of gravity of an T section will be if the dimension of web is 2x20cm and that of flange is 2x15cm If the y-axis will pass through the center of the section?
a) 10.5cm
b) 11.45cm
c) 12.35cm
d) 12.85cm
Answer: b
Explanation: The center of gravity is given by, y = (a1y1 + a2y2) / (a1 + a2) = (40×16 + 30×7.5)/ (30+40) = 12.35cm.

25. Where will be the center of gravity of the following section?
a) 7.33cm
b) 8.33cm
c) 9.33cm
d) 10.33
Answer: b
Explanation: Area of triangle = 50, area of rectangle = 50
The center of gravity is given by, y = (a1y1 + a2y2) / (a1 + a2) = (50×11.66 + 50×5)/(50+50) = 8.33cm.

26. Where will be the centre of gravity of the following L-section?
a) (18.31,30.81)
b) (19.45, 29.87)
c) (20,30)
d) (19.62,29.62)
Answer: a
Explanation: The center of gravity is given by, y = (a1y1 + a2y2) / (a1 + a2) = (600×50 + 414×3) / (600+414) = 18.31cm.
This will on for the y-axis.
For the x-axis, The center of gravity is given by, x = (a1x1 + a2x2) / (a1 + a2) = (600×3 + 414×40.5) / (600+414) = 30.81cm.
So the center of gravity will be at (2.33, 4.33).

27. Where will be the center of gravity of an I section will be if the dimension of upper web is 2x8cm, lower web is 2×16 and that of flange is 2x12cm If the y-axis will pass through the center of the section?
a) 7.611cm
b) 7.44cm
c) 6.53cm
d) 6.44cm
Answer: d
Explanation: Area of upper web a1 = 16cm, area of flange a2 = 24, area of lower web a3 = 32.
The center of gravity is given by, y = (a1y1 + a2y2 + a3y3) / (a1 + a2 + a3) = (16×15 + 24×8 +32×1 / (16 +24+32)) = 6.44cm.

28. A continuous beam is one which is _______
a) Infinitely long
b) Supported at two points
c) Supported it more than two supports
d) Supported by a prop
Answer: c
Explanation: A beam which is supported by more than two supports is known as a continuous beam. In this beam, bending moment is low and hence the deflection in the beam is also comparatively less. This beam is stiffer when compared to the other traditional beams.

29. The effective length of column depends upon ________
a) the cross section of beam
b) end conditions
c) maximum bending moment
d) extreme fibres
Answer: b
Explanation: The effective length of column depends upon end conditions.
End condition Effective length
Both ends hinged L
Both ends fixed L/2
One end is fixed and other end free 2L

30. The phenomenon under which the strain of material varies under constant stress is known as ________
a) Creep
b) Hysteresis
c) Viscoelasticity
d) Strain hardening
Answer: a
Explanation: A creep is a plastic deformation underweight the strain of material where is under constant stress this is one of the mechanical properties of the engineering materials. The best example is the failure of concrete.

31. Volumetric strain = 3× _____ strain.
a) Lateral
b) Linear
c) Composite
d) Yield
Answer: b
Explanation: eV (volumetric strain) = 3× linear strain = 3×e
The volumetric strain is algebraic sum of all the linear(or) axial strain when a solid to be subjected to equal normal sources of the same type of all faces we will have €x, €y and €z equal in value. In this case the volumetric strain will be 3 times the linear strain in any of the three axes.

32. The stress corresponding to breaking point is known as _____________
a) yield stress
b) ultimate stress
c) breaking stress
d) normal stress
Answer: c
Explanation: After reaching ultimate stress, the stress strain curve suddenly falls with rapid increase in strain and specimen breaks. The stress corresponding to breaking point is known as breaking stress and it is denoted by G.

33. Determine the yield stress of a steel rod 20 mm diameter, if the yield load on the steel rod is 88kN.
a) 240.55 N/mm2
b) 280.25 N/mm2
c) 325 N/mm2
d) 290.45 N/mm2
Answer: b
Explanation: Initial area of the Steel rod of 20 mm = 314 mm2 [area of circle] Yield stress = yield load/ Area
= 88 × 103/ 314
= 280.25 N/mm2.

34. What is the elongation percentage of a steel rod of 50 mm diameter if the total extension is is 54 mm and gauge length is 200 mm.
a) 27%
b) 23%
c) 43%
d) 35%
Answer: a
Explanation: Percentage elongation = Total extension / Gauge length × 100
= 54/200 × 100
= 27%.

35. __________ joints are provided when there is a break in the concreting operation.
a) transverse joints
b) longitudinal joints
c) construction joints
d) warpage joints
Answer: c
Explanation: The construction joints are provided when there is a break in a concreting operation. Although the effort is always made to complete the concrete work in one day, sometimes it is not possible and therefore, construction joints are provided. For beams, the joints should be at the centre of the span or within the middle third.

1. Torsional sectional modulus is also known as _________
a) Polar modulus
b) Sectional modulus
c) Torsion modulus
d) Torsional rigidity
Answer: a
Explanation: The ratio of polar moment of inertia to radius of section is called Polar modulus or Torsional section modulus. Its units are mm3 or m3 (in SI).

2. ________ is a measure of the strength of shaft in rotation.
a) Torsional modulus
b) Sectional modulus
c) Polar modulus
d) Torsional rigidity
Answer: c
Explanation: The polar modulus is a measure of the strength of shaft in rotation. As the value of Polar modulus increases torsional strength increases.

3. What are the units of torsional rigidity?
a) Nmm2
b) N/mm
c) N-mm
d) N
Answer: a
Explanation: The product of modulus of rigidity (C) and polar moment of inertia (J) is called torsional rigidity. Torsional rigidity is a torque that produces a twist of one radian in a shaft of unit length.

4. The angle of twist can be written as ________
a) TL/J
b) CJ/TL
c) TL/CJ
d) T/J
Answer: c
Explanation: The angle of Twist = TL/CJ
Where T = Torque in Nm
L = Length of shaft
CJ = Torsional rigidity.

5. The power transmitted by shaft SI system is given by __________
a) 2πNT/60
b) 3πNT/60
c) 2πNT/45
d) NT/60 W
Answer: a
Explanation: In SI system, Power (P) is measured in watts (W) ; P = 2πNT/60
Where T = Average Torque in N.m
N = rpm
= 2πNT/ 45 1 watt = 1 Joule/sec = 1N.m/s.

6. Area of catchment is measured in ___________
a) mm3
b) Km2
c) Km
d) mm
Answer: b
Explanation: Catchment area can be defined as the area which contributes the surplus water present over it to the stream or river. It is an area which is responsible for maintaining flow in natural water bodies. It is expressed in square kilometres.

7. ______ catchment area is a sum of free catchment area and intercepted catchment area.
a) Total
b) Additional
c) Combined
d) Overall
Answer: c
Explanation: Combined catchment area is defined as the total catchment area which contributes the water in to stream or a tank. Combined Catchment area = Free catchment area + intercepted catchment area.

8. ___________ has steep slopes and gives more run off.
a) Intercepted Catchment Area
b) Good Catchment Area
c) Combined Catchment Area
d) Average Catchment Area
Answer: b
Explanation: Good catchment area consists of hills or rocky lands with steep slopes and little vegetation. It gives more run off.

9. Trend of rainfall can be studied from _______
a) Rainfall graphs
b) Rainfall records
c) Rainfall curves
d) Rainfall cumulatives
Answer: b
Explanation: Rainfall records are useful for calculating run off over a basin. By using rainfall records estimate of design parameters of irrigation structures can be made. The maximum flow due to any storm can be calculated and predicted.

10. Estimation of run off “R” is 0.85P-30.48.
The above formula was coined by _____
a) Lacey
b) Darcy
c) Khosla
d) Ingli
Answer: d
Explanation: Run off can be estimated by
R= 0.85P-30.48
Where R = annual runoff in mm
P = annual rainfall in mm.

11. Runoff coefficient is denoted by _______
a) P
b) N
c) K
d) H
Answer: c
Explanation: The runoff coefficient can be defined as the ratio of runoff to rainfall. Rainfall and runoff can be interrelated by runoff coefficient.
R = KP
K = R/P [K = is a runoff Coefficient depending on the surface of the catchment area].

12. _________ is a graph showing variations of discharge with time.
a) Rising limb graph
b) Crest graph
c) Hydraulic graph
d) Gauge graph
Answer: c
Explanation: Hydrograph is a graph showing variations of discharge with time at a particular point of the stream. The hydrograph shows the time distribution of total run off at a point of measurement. Maximum flood discharge can also be calculated by using hydrograph.

13. Calculate the torque which a shaft of 300 mm diameter can safely transmit, if the shear stress is 48 N / mm2.
a) 356 kNm
b) 254 kNm
c) 332 kNm
d) 564 kNm
Answer: b
Explanation: Given, the diameter of shaft D = 300 mm
Maximum shear stress fs = 48 N/mm2.
Torque = T = π/16 fs D3
= 254469004.9 Nmm
= 254 kNm.

14. Which of the following is known as “under sluices”?
a) Scouring Sluices
b) Divide wall
c) Fish ladder
d) Head Regulator
Answer: a
Explanation: The openings provided in a body wall of the weir almost at the bed level of the river are known as scouring sluices. These are also known as under sluices.

15. _______ provides straight approach to the scouring sluices.
a) Head regulator
b) Silt Excluder
c) Divide wall
d) Guide banks
Answer: c
Explanation: A divide wall is a long solid wall constructed perpendicular to the axis of weir. It provides a straight approach to the scouring sluices. By preventing the formation of cross currents, it protects the body wall of weir.

16. __________ is provided for the easy movement of fish from upstream to downstream.
a) Fish ladder
b) Silt excluder
c) Marginal bunds
d) Marginal embankments
Answer: a
Explanation: A passage provided just by the side of a divide wall for the movement of fish from upstream to downstream or vice versa is known as a fish ladder.

17. __________ is used as measuring device.
a) Head regulator
b) Divide wall
c) Cross regulator
d) Scouring sluices
Answer: a
Explanation: A structure constructed at the head of the canal to regulate the supply of water into the canal is called “Head Regulator”. The functions:
i. It is used as a measuring device.
ii. It controls the entry of silt into the canal.

18. __________ is provided to prevent the river from outflanking the work.
a) Guide banks
b) Marginal bunds
c) Silt excluder
d) Divide wall
Answer: a
Explanation: Guide banks are provided on either side of the diversion head works in alluvial soils for a smooth non -tortuous approach to the diversion head works and prevent the river from outflanking the work.

19. ____________ are provided to protect the land and property with is likely to be submerged.
a) Weir
b) Divide wall
c) Marginal bunds
d) Fish ladder
Answer: c
Explanation: Marginal Bunds or marginal embankments are provided on either bank of the river upstream side of diversion head works in alluvial soils in order to protect the land and property which is likely to be submerged during ponding of water during floods.

20. _________ is provided to reduce the kinetic energy of falling water in weir.
a) Body wall
b) Curtain walls
c) Downstream apron
d) Shutter
Answer: c
Explanation: The downstream apron is a concrete bed which is provided on the downstream side of a weir in order to reduce the kinetic energy of falling water. It should have sufficient thickness to resist uplift pressure.

21. Curtain walls are provided to increase ________
a) Creep depth
b) Creep area
c) Creep length
d) Creep volume
Answer: c
Explanation: Curtain walls are provided under the upstream and downstream apron at the ends. We are provided to increase the length of creep and thereby to reduce exit gradient.

22. Which of the following are also known as upstream and downstream piles?
a) Talus on upstream and downstream
b) Curtain walls on upstream and downstream
c) Solid apron on upstream and downstream
d) Shutters on crest of weir
Answer: b
Explanation: Curtain walls are provided especially under the upstream and downstream aprons at the respective ends. They are also called as upstream and downstream piles. The length of the curtain wall depends on the nature of subsoil.

23. The moment of inertia of a plane area with respect to an axis ____________ to the plane is called a polar moment of inertia.
a) Parallel
b) Perpendicular
c) Equal
d) Opposite
Answer: b
Explanation: The moment of inertia of a plane area with respect to an axis perpendicular to the plane of the figure is called a polar moment of inertia with respect to a point, where the axis intersects a plane.

24. Calculate the power transmitted in the shaft at 150 rpm. Take torque as 9000Nm.
a) 140 kW
b) 150 kW
c) 160 kW
d) 175 kW
Answer: a
Explanation: To find power transmitted (P) is P = 2 π N T / 60 watts.
P = 2 π × 150 × 9000 / 60
P = 140 kW.

25. Which of the following is not a cross drainage work?
a) Aqueduct
b) Head regulator
c) Super passage
d) Level crossing
Answer: b
Explanation: The head regulator is hydraulic structure constructed at the head of a canal system where it takes off from a reservoir behind a weir or a dam. It is used as a measuring device.

26. Stucco is a type of _________
a) Varnishing
b) Distempering
c) Plastering
d) Whitewashing
Answer: c
Explanation: Stucco is the name given to a decorative type of plaster, which provides an excellent finish like that with marble’s lining.

27. The thickness of cement plaster should not be more than _______
a) 15 mm
b) 12 mm
c) 16 mm
d) 20 mm
Answer: b
Explanation: The cement plaster is applied in one or two coats. The surface is polished with the trowel or iron float. The thickness of the coat should not be more than 12 mm.

28. __________ mm thick plastering is done for stone masonry.
a) 10 mm
b) 15 mm
c) 18 mm
d) 20 mm
Answer: d
Explanation: Normally 12 mm thick plastering is done for brick masonry and 20 mm thick plastering is done for the stone masonry. The plastered surface is then cured by sprinkling water over the surface for one or two weeks.

29. The thickness of lime plaster varies from _______ to ________ mm.
a) 15 – 20 mm
b) 12 – 15 mm
c) 18 – 25 mm
d) 20 – 25 mm
Answer: d
Explanation: The proportioning of the ingredients of lime plaster is adapted according to a number of coats to be applied. The thickness of lime plaster varies from 20 to 25 mm.

30. Which of the following plastering is widely adopted in rural areas?
a) Stucco Plastering
b) Mud plastering
c) Lime plastering
d) Asphalt plastering
Answer: b
Explanation: Mud plastering is done on the walls of temporary Sheds and widely adopted in rural areas. The Plaster is evenly dashed against the wall with a wooden float. After 24 hours the surface is tapped.

31. Which of the following blasters contains pulverized alum?
a) Water proof plaster
b) Plaster on lathe
c) C plaster
d) Marble plaster
Answer: a
Explanation: Waterproof plaster is made by mixing 1 part of cement, 2 parts of sand and pulverized alum at the rate of 120 Newton per metre and in the water to be used.

32. Which of the following is known as” laying trowel”?
a) Float
b) Gauge trowel
c) Floating Rule
d) Skimming float
Answer: a
Explanation: The tool which is used to spread the mortar on the surface is known as float. It is also known as laying trowel. It is made of thin tempered Steel.

33. _________ is used to check the level of plastered surface.
a) Gauging trowel
b) Plumb bob
c) Floating Rule
d) Float
Answer: c
Explanation: Floating rule is the tool which is used to check the level of plastered surface between the successive screeds.

34. Skimming float is ____________
a) Wooden float
b) Metalled float
c) Tempered steel float
d) Asbestos cement sheet
Answer: a
Explanation: The wooden floor is known as the skimming float and it is used for final and finishing coat of plaster. The Plaster is evenly spread against the wall surface with a wooden float.

35. Which of the following is a defect in plastering?
a) Flaking
b) Scrap
c) Rust
d) Staining
Answer: a
Explanation: Flaking is a defect in plastering. It is a formation of a very loose mass of plastered surface due to poor bond between successive coats. This is obtained due to poor workmanship.

36. To avoid the failure of a column by buckling ___________ limits are to be recommended.
a) Slenderness
b) Effective length
c) Kernel
d) Radius of gyration
Answer: a
Explanation: The column dimensions shall be such that it fails by material failure only (crushing due to compression) and not by buckling. To avoid the failure of column buckling clause 25.3 of IS 456 recommends the slenderness limits for the column.

37. According to IS 456- 2000, the minimum eccentricity subjected to a column is __________
a) 30mm
b) 20mm
c) 45mm
d) 50mm
Answer: b
Explanation: No column can have a perfectly axial load. There may be some moments acting due to the imperfection of construction or due to actual conditions of loading when IS 456-2000, recommends that all columns Shall be designed for minimum eccentricity of 20 mm.

38. Radius of gyration is denoted by _________
a) k
b) n
c) e
d) y
Answer: a
Explanation: The radius of gyration about a given axis is defined as the effective distance from the given axis at which the whole area may be considered or located. It is denoted by “k” or “r”. The units for the radius of gyration are mm.

39. Eccentrically loaded structures have to be designed for _______
a) Uniaxial force
b) Biaxial force
c) Combined axial force
d) Combined biaxial force
Answer: c
Explanation: When the line of action of the resultant compressive force doesn’t coincide with the centre of gravity of the cross section of the structure, it is called eccentrically loaded structure. They have to be designed for combined axial force.

40. ______ transfer the loads from beams or slabs to footings or foundations.
a) Pedestal
b) Post
c) Rib
d) Column
Answer: d
Explanation: A vertical member whose effective length is greater than 3 times its least lateral dimension carrying compressive loads is called a column. The main function of column is to transfer the loads from the beams or slabs to the footings or foundation.

41. In long columns, the lateral deflection causes at the ______
a) Supports
b) Throughout
c) Midspan
d) Along outer periphery
Answer: c
Explanation: A long column under the action of axial loads deflects laterally causing maximum deflection at the centre. A long column fails due to buckling.

42. Short columns causes deflection in the structure.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: If the ratio of the effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension is less than 12. The column is called a short column. It fails by crushing (pure compression failure) and there is no chance of causing deflections.

43. Mild steel is an example of ______________ mechanical property of the material.
a) Malleability
b) Creep
c) Ductility
d) Elasticity
Answer: c
Explanation: Ductility is the property of a material by which material can be drawn into thin wires after undergoing a considerable deformation without rupture. The mild steel, silver, tor steel, aluminium etc. are considered as examples for ductility.

44. Which of the following are the relative properties of the material?
a) Creep
b) Fatigue
c) Hardness
d) Stiffness
Answer: c
Explanation: The hardness is the ability of a material to resist indentation (impression), scratching or surface abrasion. It is the relative property of the material. Every material has its own hardness number.

45. Rotating key of a lock is an example of ____________
a) Varignon’s Theory
b) Walton’s Theory
c) Formation of couple
d) Parallel axis theorem
Answer: c
Explanation: A set of two equal and opposite forces whose line of action is different form a couple. The effect of couple is always to produce moment on which it acts either in clockwise or anticlockwise directions. The example is rotating key of a lock.

46. The relative change in position is called ______________
a) Matter
b) Body
c) Inertia
d) Motion
Answer: d
Explanation: A body said to be in motion when it changes its position with respect to other bodies. The relative change in position is called motion. The motion involves both space and time.

47. Which of the following is not base unit?
a) Area
b) Length
c) Time
d) Temperature
Answer: a
Explanation: If the units are expressed in other units which are derived from fundamental units, such units are known as derived units. The examples are area, velocity, acceleration & pressure etc.

48. According to IS 456-2000, the minimum number of longitudinal bars to be provided in rectangular columns is ________
a) 5
b) 4
c) 6
d) 8
Answer: b
Explanation: According to IS 456-2000, the cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 0.8% and not more than 6% of gross cross-sectional area. The minimum diameter of longitudinal bars is 12 mm and minimum number of longitudinal bars to be provided is 4 for a rectangular column.

49. A fine grained material is mostly ________
a) Homogeneous
b) Isotropic
c) Isomeric
d) Elastic
Answer: b
Explanation: A material is said to be isotropic if at any point it has identical elastic properties in all directions. A fine grained material is mostly isotropic in nature.

50. The tangential force per unit area is _________
a) Shear strain
b) Shear stress
c) Modulus of rigidity
d) Torsion
Answer: b
Explanation: The tangential force acting along the section of the body is termed as shear force and the stress in the section due to shear force is called shear stress and it is denoted by fs.

51. Which of the following is also known as pushing force?
a) Tensile stress
b) Compressive stress
c) Shear stress
d) Temperature stress
Answer: b
Explanation: When an external force cause shortening of the body in the direction of the force it is termed as compressive force. The stress developed in the body due to the compressive force is called compressive stress.

52. Which of the following is also known as pulling force?
a) Tensile stress
b) Shear stress
c) Lateral stress
d) Axial stress
Answer: a
Explanation: When an external force produces elongation of the body in its direction, it is termed as a tensile force. The stress developed in a cross section of the body due to a tensile force is called tensile stress.

53. Longitudinal strain is also known as ___________
a) Direct strain
b) Axial strain
c) Indirect strain
d) Shear strain
Answer: a
Explanation: Direct strain is a measure of deformation produced by the application of the external forces. It is the ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension. It is also known as longitudinal strain.

54. Which of the following is also known as transverse strain?
a) Tensile strain
b) Compressive strain
c) Shear strain
d) Volumetric strain
Answer: c
Explanation: Shear Strain is a measure of the angle through which a body is this distorted with applied forces. Shear Strain is also known as the transverse strain.
Shear strain = ds/L.

55. The hooks law is valid only for _________
a) Uni axial forces
b) Bi axial forces
c) Tri axial forces
d) Lateral forces
Answer: a
Explanation: Hooke’s law: (Given by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678): stress is directly proportional to strain within limit of proportionality. It is valid for uniaxial force only.

56. Which of the following is also known as endurance limit?
a) Proportionality limit
b) Rupture limit
c) Elastic limit
d) Fatigue limit
Answer: d
Explanation: The greatest stress applied an infinite number of times that a material can take without causing Failure is known as endurance or fatigue limit.

57. The ultimate strength in flexure is known as modulus of ________
a) Toughness
b) Rupture
c) Resilience
d) Hardening
Answer: b
Explanation: The ultimate strength in flexure or torsion is known as modulus of rupture and the modulus of resilience is defined as the energy stored per unit volume at the elastic limit.

58. Beams which are reinforced in both compression and tension sides are called as _______
a) Dual reinforced beam
b) Doubly reinforced beam
c) Composite beam
d) Additional beam
Answer: b
Explanation: The beams which are reinforced in both compression as well as tension sides are known as doubly reinforced beams. These beams are generally provided when the dimensions of the beam are restricted.

59. Doubly reinforced beams are provided when Mu _____ M.
a) =
b) <
c) >
d) ~
Answer: c
Explanation: The reinforced beams are generally provided when it is required to resist moment higher than the limiting moment of resistance of a singly reinforced section. The additional moment of resistance required can be obtained by providing compression reinforcement and additional tension reinforcement.

60. The doubly reinforced beams improve the ______ of the beam in earthquake regions.
a) Brittleness
b) Elasticity
c) Ductility
d) Toughness
Answer: c
Explanation: Generally when the depth of beam is restricted due to architectural or any construction problems, the doubly reinforced beams are used. It reduces long term deflection and it also improves the ductility of the beam.

61. The cracks seen on walls are due to _____ failure.
a) Flexural
b) Compression
c) Shear
d) Torsional
Answer: c
Explanation: The diagonal tension stress caused by shear and the combination of shear and bending is likely to cause the failure of the section by producing cracks in the walls.

62. Bending is accompanied by _______
a) Axial
b) Eccentricity
c) Shear
d) Torsion
Answer: c
Explanation: Usually, the bending is accompanied by shear. The combination of shear and bending stresses produces the principal stress which causes diagonal tension in the beam section.

63. The variation of shear stress is ____________
a) Elliptical
b) Hyperbolic
c) Parabolic
d) Circular
Answer: c
Explanation: In homogeneous beams, the variation of shear stress is parabolic.
• It is zero at top and bottom.
• It is maximum at a neutral axis.

64. ________ has to be provided against diagonal tensile stresses.
a) Longitudinal reinforcement
b) Shear reinforcement
c) Torsional reinforcement
d) Transverse reinforcement
Answer: b
Explanation: Shear reinforcement has to be provided against diagonal tension stress caused by shear force. The inclined shear crack starts at the bottom and extends towards the compression zone.

65. Vertical stirrups are a form of _______ reinforcement.
a) Tension
b) Shear
c) Compression
d) Torsion
Answer: b
Explanation: Generally the vertical stirrups are provided as two legged or four legged stirrups around the tension reinforcement. Hanger bars are provided to keep vertical steps in position otherwise they may get displaced while concreting.

1. The normal stress is perpendicular to the area under consideration, while the shear stress acts over the area.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: This is the convention used.

2. If a body is subjected to stresses in xy plane with stresses of 60N/mm² and 80N/mm² acting along x and y axes respectively. Also the shear stress acting is 20N/mm²Find the maximum amount of shear stress to which the body is subjected.
a) 22.4mm
b) 25mm
c) 26.3mm
d) 27.2mm
Answer: a
Explanation: τ(max)=√( [σ(x)-σ(y) ]²/2² + τ²).

3. If a body is subjected to stresses in xy plane with stresses of 60N/mm² and 80N/mm² acting along x and y axes respectively. Also the shear stress acting is 10N/mm². Find the inclination of the plane in which shear stress is maximal.
a) 45’
b) 30’
c) 60’
d) 15’
Answer: a
Explanation: tan (2Ǿ)=2τ/[σ(x) – σ(y)].

4. If a body is subjected to stresses in xy plane with stresses of 60N/mm² and 80N/mm² acting along x and y axes respectively. Also the shear stress acting is 20N/mm². Find the maximum normal stress.
a) 90
b) 92.4
c) 94.2
d) 96
Answer: b
Explanation: σ=[σ(x) +σ(y)]/2 + √( [σ(x)-σ(y) ]²/2² + τ²).

5. If compressive yield stress and tensile yield stress are equivalent, then region of safety from maximum principal stress theory is of which shape?
a) Rectangle
b) Square
c) Circle
d) Ellipse
Answer: b
Explanation: The equation of four lines is given by σ1=± S(yt), σ2=±S(yc) Now given S(yt)=S(yc), hence the region of safety is of square shape.

6. Maximum Principal Stress Theory is not good for brittle materials.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: Experimental investigations have shown that maximum principle stress theory gives good results for brittle materials.

7. The region of safety in maximum shear stress theory contains which of the given shape
a) Hexagon
b) Rectangle
c) Square
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In maximum shear stress theory we have the following equations: σ1= ±S(yt)
σ2= ±S (yt), σ1 – σ2 =±S (yt) assuming S(yt)=S(yc).

8. Distortion energy theory is slightly liberal as compared to maximum shear stress theory.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: The hexagon of maximum shear theory falls completely inside the ellipse of distortion energy theorem.

9. The ability of a material to absorb energy when elastically deformed and to return it when unloaded is called __________
a) Elasticity
b) Resilience
c) Plasticity
d) Strain resistance
Answer: b
Explanation: Resilience is the ability of a material to absorb energy when elastically deformed and to return it. Elasticity is the property by which any body regain its original shape.

10. The strain energy stored in a specimen when stained within the elastic limit is known as __________
a) Resilience
b) Plasticity
c) Malleability
d) Stain energy
Answer: a
Explanation: Resilience is the ability of a material to absorb energy when elastically deformed and to return it. Elasticity is the property by which any body regain its original shape. Malleability is the property by which any material can be beaten into thin sheets.

11. The maximum strain energy stored at elastic limit is __________
a) Resilience
b) Proof resilience
c) Elasticity
d) Malleability
Answer: b
Explanation: Proof resilience is the maximum stored energy at the elastic limit. Resilience is the ability of material to absorb energy when elastically deformed and to return it. Elasticity is the property by which any body regain its original shape. Malleability is the property by which any material can be beaten into thin sheets.

12. The mathematical expression for resilience ‘U’ is __________
a) U = σ2/E x volume
b) U = σ2/3E x volume
c) U = σ2/2E x volume
d) U = σ/2E x volume
Answer: c
Explanation: The resilience is the strain energy stored in a specimen so it will be
U = σ2/2E x volume.

13. What is the modulus of resilience?
a) The ratio of resilience to volume
b) The ratio of proof resilience to the modulus of elasticity
c) The ratio of proof resilience to the strain energy
d) The ratio of proof resilience to volume
Answer: d
Explanation: The modulus of resilience is the proof resilience per unit volume. It is denoted by σ.

14. The property by which an amount of energy is absorbed by material without plastic deformation is called __________
a) Toughness
b) Impact strength
c) Ductility
d) Resilience
Answer: d
Explanation: Resilience is the ability of a material to absorb energy when elastically deformed and to return it when unloaded.

15. Resilience of a material plays important role in which of the following?
a) Thermal stress
b) Shock loading
c) Fatigue
d) Pure static loading
Answer: b
Explanation: The total strain energy stored in a body is commonly known as resilience. Whenever the straining force is removed from the strained body, the body is capable of doing work. Hence the resilience is also define as the capacity of a strained body for doing work on the removal of the straining force.

16. A 1m long bar of uniform section extends 1mm under limiting axial stress of 200N/mm2. What is the modulus of resilience for the bar?
a) 0.1 units
b) 1 units
c) 10units
d) 100units
Answer: a
Explanation: Modulus of resilience, u = f2/2E, where E = fL/δL
Therefore, u = 200×1 / 2×1000 = 0.1units.

17. What is the relation between maximum stress induced due to sudden loading to maximum stress the gradual loading?
a) Maximum stress in sudden load is equal to the maximum stress in gradual load
b) Maximum stress in sudden load is half to the maximum stress in gradual load
c) Maximum stress in sudden load is twice to the maximum stress in gradual load
d) Maximum stress in sudden load is four times to the maximum stress in gradual load
Answer: c
Explanation: Maximum stress in sudden loading = 2P/A
Maximum stress in gradual loading = P/A.

18. What is the strain energy stored in a body when the load is applied suddenly?
a) σE/V
b) σE2/V
c) σV2/E
d) σV2/2E
Answer: d
Explanation: Strain energy in gradual loading = σ2V/2E.

19. A tensile load of 60kN is suddenly applied to a circular bar of 4cm diameter. What will be the maximum instantaneous stress induced?
a) 95.493 N/mm2
b) 45.25 N/mm2
c) 85.64 N/mm2
d) 102.45 N/mm2
Answer: a
Explanation: Maximum instantaneous stress induced = 2P/A = 2×60000/400π = 95.49 N/mm2.

20. A tensile load of 60kN is suddenly applied to a circular bar of 4cm and 5m length. What will be the strain energy absorbed by the rod if E=2×105 N/mm2?
a) 140.5 N-m
b) 100 N-m
c) 197.45 N-m
d) 143.2 N-m
Answer: d
Explanation: Maximum instantaneous stress induced = 2P/A = 2×60000/400π = 95.49 N/mm2
Strain energy = σ2V/2E = 95.492 x 2×106π / (2x2x105) = 143238 N-mm = 143.23 N-m.

21. A tensile load of 100kN is suddenly applied to a rectangular bar of dimension 2cmx4cm. What will be the instantaneous stress in bar?
a) 100 N/mm2
b) 120 N/mm2
c) 150 N/mm2
d) 250 N/mm2
Answer: d
Explanation: Stress = 2x load / area = 2×100,000/ (20×40) = 250 N/mm2.

22. 2 tensile load of 100kN is suddenly applied to a rectangular bar of dimension 2cmx4cm and length of 5m. What will be the strain energy absorbed in the bar if E=1×105 N/mm2?
a) 312.5 N-m
b) 314500 N-mm
c) 1250 N-m
d) 634 N-m
Answer: c
Explanation: Stress = 2xload / area = 2×100,000/ (20×40) = 250 N/mm2
Strain energy = σ2V/2E = 250x250x20x40x5000/ (2×100,000) = 1250000 N-mm = 1250 N-m.

23. A steel rod is 2m long and 50mm in diameter. A axial pull of 100kN is suddenly applied to the rod. What will be the instantaneous stress induced in the rod?
a) 101.89 N/mm2
b) 94.25 N/mm2
c) 130.45 N/mm2
d) 178.63 N/mm2
Answer: a
Explanation: Area = π/4 d2 = 625π
Load = 100kN = 100×1000 N
Stress = 2 x load / area = 2x100x1000 / (625π) = 101.86 N/mm2.

24. A steel rod is 2m long and 50mm in diameter. An axial pull of 100kN is suddenly applied to the rod. What will be the instantaneous elongation produced in the rod if E=22GN/m2?
a) 0.0097 mm
b) 1.0754 mm
c) 1.6354 mm
d) 1.0186 mm
Answer: d
Explanation: Area = π/4 d2 = 625π
Load = 100kN = 100×1000 N
E=22GN/m2 = 200 x 109 / 106 = 200,000 N/mm2
Stress = 2 x load / area = 2x100x1000 / (625 π )
Elongation = stress x length / E = 101.86×2000 / 200000 = 1.0186 mm.

25. What will be the amount of axial pull be applied on a a 4cm diameter bar to get an instantaneous stress value of 143 N/mm2?
a) 50kN
b) 60kN
c) 70kN
d) 80kN
Answer: b
Explanation: Instantaneous stress = 2 x load / area
Load = instantaneous stress x area / 2
= 143 x 400×3.14 / 2 = 60kN.

26. What will be the instantaneous stress produced in a bar 10cm2 in area ans 4m long by the sudden application of tensile load of unknown magnitude, if the extension of the bar due to suddenly applied load is 1.35mm if E = 2×105 N/mm2?
a) 67.5 N/mm2
b) 47 N/mm2
c) 55.4 N/mm2
d) 78.5 N/mm2
Answer: a
Explanation: The value of stress = load / area where area is 10cm2 and load can be calculated by stress strain equation.

27. What is the strain energy stored in a body when the load is applied gradually?
a) σE/V
b) σE2/V
c) σV2/E
d) σV2/2E
Answer: d
Explanation: Strain energy in gradual loading = σ2V/2E.

28. What is strain energy?
a) The work done by the applied load In stretching the body
b) The strain per unit volume
c) The force applied in stretching the body
d) The stress per unit are
Answer: a
Explanation: The strain energy stored in a body is equal to the work done by the applied load in stretching the body.

29. What is the relation between maximum stress induced due to gradual load to maximum stress the sudden load?
a) Maximum stress in gradual load is equal to the maximum stress in sudden load
b) Maximum stress in gradual load is half to the maximum stress in sudden load
c) Maximum stress in gradual load is twice to the maximum stress in sudden load
d) Maximum stress in gradual load is four times to the maximum stress in sudden load
Answer: b
Explanation: Maximum stress in gradual loading = P/A
Maximum stress in sudden loading = 2P/A.

30. A tensile load of 60kN is gradually applied to a circular bar of 4cm diameter and 5cm long. What will be the stress in the rod if E=1×105 N/mm2?
a) 47.746 N/mm2
b) 34.15 N/mm2
c) 48.456 N/mm2
d) 71.02 N/mm2
Answer: a
Explanation: Stress = Load/ area = 60,000 / (π/4 D2) = 47.746 N/mm2.

31. A tensile load of 60kN is gradually applied to a circular bar of 4cm diameter and 10m long. What will be the stress in the rod if E=1×105 N/mm2?
a) 1.19mm
b) 2.14mm
c) 3.45mm
d) 4.77mm
Answer: d
Explanation: Stress = Load/ area = 60,000 / (π/4 D2) = 47.746 N/mm2
So stretch = stress x length / E = 4.77mm.

32. A tensile load of 100kN is gradually applied to a rectangular bar of dimension 2cmx4cm. What will be the stress in bar?
a) 100 N/mm2
b) 120 N/mm2
c) 125 N/mm2
d) 150 N/mm2
Answer: c
Explanation: Stress = load / area = 100,000/ (20×40) = 125 N/mm2.

33. A tensile load of 100kN is gradually applied to a rectangular bar of dimension 2cmx4cm and length of 5m. What will be the strain energy in the bar if E=1×105 N/mm2?
a) 312.5 N-m
b) 314500 N-mm
c) 245.5 N-m
d) 634 N-m
Answer: a
Explanation: Stress = load / area = 100,000/ (20×40) = 125 N/mm2
Strain energy = σ2V/2E = 125x125x20x40x5000/ (2×100,000) = 312500 N-mm = 312.5N-m.

34. A tensile load of 60kN is gradually applied to a circular bar of 4cm diameter and 10m long. What will be the strain energy absorbed by the rod if E=1×105 N/mm2?
a) 100 N-m
b) 132 N-m
c) 148 N-m
d) 143.2 N-m
Answer: d
Explanation: Stress = 60,000 / 400π = 47.746
Strain energy = σ2V/2E = 47.746×47.746×12,566,370 / (2×100000) = 143,236.54 N-mm = 143.2N-m.

35. A uniform bar has a cross sectional area of 700mm and a length of 1.5m. if the stress at the elastic limit is 160 N/mm, what will be the value of gradually applied load which will produce the same extension as that produced by the suddenly applied load above?
a) 100kN
b) 110kN
c) 112kN
d) 120kN
Answer: c
Explanation: For gradually applied load, stress = load / area
Load = stress x area = 160 x 700 = 112000 N = 112kN.

36. A tension bar 6m long is made up of two parts, 4m of its length has cross sectional area of 12.5cm while the remaining 2m has 25cm. An axial load 5tonnes is gradually applied. What will be the total strain energy produced if E = 2 x 106 kgf/cm2?
a) 240kgf/cm
b) 242kgf/cm
c) 264kgf/cm
d) 270kgf/cm
Answer: b
Explanation: First stress = load /area, then the strain energy will be calculated as
Strain energy = σ2V/2E.

37. What is the strain energy stored in a body when the load is applied with impact?
a) σE/V
b) σE2/V
c) σV2/E
d) σV2/2E
Answer: d
Explanation: Strain energy in impact loading = σ2V/2E.

38. What will be the stress induced in the rod if the height through which load is dropped is zero?
a) P/A
b) 2P/A
c) P/E
d) 2P/E
Answer: b
Explanation: As stress = P/A (1 + (1 + 2AEh/PL)1/2)
Putting h=0, we get stress = 2P/A.

39. A load of 100N falls through a height of 2cm onto a collar rigidly attached to the lower end of a vertical bar 1.5m long and of 105cm2 cross- sectional area. The upper end of the vertical bar is fixed. What is the maximum instantaneous elongation in the vertical bar if E = 200GPa?
a) 0.245mm
b) 0.324mm
c) 0.452mm
d) 0.623mm
Answer: c
Explanation: As stress = P/A ( 1 + ( 1 + 2AEh/PL)1/2 )
Putting P = 100, h = 20, L = 1500, A = 150, E = 200,000 we will get stress = 60.23 N/mm2
Elongation = stress x length / E = 60.23 x 1500 / 200,000 = 0.452mm.

40. A load of 100N falls through a height of 2cm onto a collar rigidly attached to the lower end of a vertical bar 1.5m long and of 105cm2 cross- sectional area. The upper end of the vertical bar is fixed. What is the strain energy stored in the vertical bar if E = 200GPa?
a) 2.045 N-m
b) 3.14 N-m
c) 9.4 N-mm
d) 2.14 N-m
Answer: a
Explanation: As stress = P/A ( 1 + ( 1 + 2AEh/PL)1/2 )
Putting P = 100, h = 20, L = 1500, A = 150, E = 200,000 we will get stress = 60.23 N/mm2.
Strain energy stored = stress2 x volume / 2E = 60.232 x 2525000 / (2×200,000) = 2.045 N-m.

41. An unknown weight falls through a height of 10mm on a collar rigidly attached to a lower end of a vertical bar 500cm long. If E =200GPa what will be the value of stress?
a) 50 N/mm2
b) 60 N/mm2
c) 70 N/mm2
d) 80 N/mm2
Answer: d
Explanation: Stress = E x strain = E x δL/L = 200,000 x 2 /5000 = 80 N/mm2.

1. Slope in the beam at any point is measured in ____________
a) Degrees
b) Minutes
c) Radians
d) Metric tonnes
Answer: c
Explanation: The slope is defined as at any point on the bent beam is the angle measured in terms of radians to which the tangent at that point makes with the x axis.

2. Elastic curve is also known as __________
a) Refraction curve
b) Reflection curve
c) Deflection curve
d) Random curve
Answer: c
Explanation: An elastic curve is defined as the line to which the longitudinal axis of a beam deviates under given load. It is also called a deflection curve.

3. Which of the following method is not used for determining slope and deflection at a point?
a) Moment area method
b) Double integration method
c) Isoheytal method
d) Macaulay’s method
Answer: c
Explanation: The method “Isoheytal” can be used for calculating run-off over an area. The remaining methods are effectively adopted to calculate the slope and deflection at a point in any type of beam.

4. The slope is denoted by _______
a) k
b) y
c) i
d) c
Answer: c
Explanation: The slope at any section in a deflection beam is defined as the angle measured in radians to the tangent at the section makes with the original axis of the beam.
•It is denoted by “i”.

5. Calculate the slope at supports, if the area is 180kNm2. Take flexural rigidity as 50000.
a) 0.0054 radians
b) 0.0072 radians
c) 0.0036 radians
d) 0.108 radians
Answer: c
Explanation: Maximum slope at supports be i = A/EI
= 180/50000
i = 0.0036 radians.

6. In cantilever beams, the slope is _____________ at fixed end.
a) Maximum
b) Zero
c) Minimum
d) Uniform
Answer: b
Explanation: The slope in cantilever beam is zero at the fixed end of the cantilever and the slope is maximum at it’s free end. The slope is determined in the moment area method through Mohr’s theorems.

7. Slope is maximum at _______ in simply supported beams.
a) Mid span
b) Through out
c) Supports
d) At point of loading
Answer: a
Explanation: In case simply supported beams, the slope is maximum at the end supports of the beam and relatively zero at midspan of a symmetrically loaded beam.

8. Mohr’s theorem- 1 states ________
a) E/AI
b) I/EA
c) A/EI
d) A=EI
Answer: c
Explanation: According to Mohr’s theorem-1, the change of slope between any of the two points on and Elastic axis is equal to the net area of bending moment diagram (A) between these two points divided by flexural rigidity(EI).

9. Using Mohr’s theorem, calculate the maximum slope of a cantilever beam if the bending moment area diagram is 90kNm2. Take EI = 4000 kNm2.
a) 0.0225 radians
b) 0 0367 radians
c) 0.0455 radians
d) 0.066 radians
Answer: a
Explanation: The maximum slope at free support (in cantilever beam) = i = A/EI
= 90/4000
= 0.0225 radians.

10. Contour canals are also called as ______
a) Single bank canal
b) Ridge canal
c) Side slope canal
d) Watershed canal
Answer: a
Explanation: In this method, the canal is aligned along the falling contour. A generally higher side is left without bank. So it is also called a single bank canal. The contour canal cuts across the natural drainage courses.

11. ______________ provides employment to the cultivators at the time of famine.
a) Productive canal
b) Link canal
c) Protective canal
d) Inundation canal
Answer: c
Explanation: The construction of protective canals and their development may be started during summer in hence they provide employment to the farmers at the time of drought and famine. Protective canals are not remunerative as productive canals.

12. ______________ bricks are used in the lining of blast furnaces.
a) Magnesia
b) Dolomite
c) Bauxite
d) Fly ash
Answer: b
Explanation: Dolomite bricks are made especially from dolomite it contains nearly 30% lime and 22% of magnesium these bricks are inferior to magnesite bricks. They are generally used in the lining of blast furnaces.

13. _____________ bricks are resistant to corrosion.
a) silica bricks
b) magnesia bricks
c) bauxite bricks
d) fire bricks
Answer: c
Explanation: Bauxite bricks contain nearly 75% of aluminium and it is mixed with fire clay 15 to 30% and added some water to mould. High alumina bricks are resistant to corrosion.

14. _____________ bricks are used in the lining of electric furnace.
a) Frosterite
b) Spinel
c) Chrome
d) Basic
Answer: b
Explanation: The spinal bricks belong to neutral bricks. The spinel bricks mainly consist of alumina and magnesia. These bricks are widely used in the lining of electric furnace.

15. The finished product after burning magnesite is named as ___________
a) Perillax
b) Hellyx
c) Pyrolytaex
d) Syrilax
Answer: a
Explanation: The heating of magnesia bricks is continued in the same kiln after reaching the temperature of 1950°C, and then some amount of iron oxide is mixed. The finished product after burning magnesite is named as perillax.

16. Units of deflection are _________
a) kNm
b) kN/m
c) kN
d) m
Answer: d
Explanation: The term “deflection” is defined as the transverse displacement of a point on any straight axis to the curved axis. It is expressed in metres (m).

17. Which of the following method is used to determine the slope and deflection at a point?
a) Arithmetic increase method
b) Mathematical curve setting
c) Macaulay’s method
d) Lacey’s method
Answer: c
Explanation: Macaulay’s method was devised by Mr WH Macaulay.
Advantages:
i. Gives one continuous expression for bending moment
ii. Constants of integration can be found by using end conditions
iii. By using this method, slope and deflection at any section can be determined throughout the length of the beam.

18. Deflection is denoted by _______
a) i
b) y
c) h
d) e
Answer: b
Explanation: The deflection of a point on the axis of the deflected beam is defined as the angle developed in radians with tangent at the section makes with the original axis of the beam.

19. In cantilever beams, the deflection is zero at ___________
a) Free and
b) Fixed end
c) At supports
d) Through out
Answer: b
Explanation: The deflection in cantilever beam is always zero at the fixed end and deflection in the cantilever beam at the free end is maximum.

20. Mohr’s theorem -¡¡ states?
a) Ax/EI
b) A/Ex
c) A/EI
d) Ae=Ix
Answer: a
Explanation: Mohr’s theorem -¡¡ states “the intercept taken on a vertical reference line of the tangent at any two points on an elastic line is equal to the moment of BMD between these points, about the reference line divided by flexural rigidity (EI).

21. Calculate the deflection if the slope is 0.0225 radians. Take the distance of centre of gravity of bending moment to free end as 2 metres.
a) 45mm
b) 35mm
c) 28mm
d) 49mm
Answer: a
Explanation: The deflection at any point on the elastic curve equal to Ax/EI
But, we know that A/EI is already slope equation.
So, slope × (the distance of centre of gravity of bending moment to free end = 2m).
0.0225 × 2
0.045m ~ 45 mm.

22. In simply supported beams, deflection is zero at _________
a) Mid span
b) Supports
c) Through out
d) Point of action of load
Answer: b
Explanation: The deflection is always zero at the supports and the deflection is maximum at the mid span of a symmetrically loaded simply supported beam.

23. Which of the following is not a cross drainage work?
a) Aqueduct
b) Level crossing
c) Head regulator
d) Super passage
Answer: c
Explanation: The head regulator is one of the canal regulation works. It can control the entry of silt into the canal. It can be used as a metre for measuring the discharge. It can shut out river floods.

24. Tail escape is also called as ___________
a) Outlet
b) Cross regulator
c) Weir type escape
d) Surplus escape
Answer: c
Explanation: The crest of the weir is fixed at canal FSL. When the water level rises above FSL, it is disposed of into the natural drain. Hence, the tale escape is also known as weir type escape.

25. The land where all the water comes from ___________
a) Ridge dam
b) Watershed
c) Meander
d) Groynes
Answer: b
Explanation: A watershed can be defined as an interconnected area of land which receives the water from surrounding ridge tops and transports it to a common point such as a lake or stream. All lands and waterways can be found within one watershed or another.

26. ____________ reduces storm water discharge.
a) Rain water harvesting
b) Water harvesting
c) Watershed
d) Watershed management
Answer: b
Explanation: The water harvesting is defined as the process of capturing rain where it falls. The objectives of water harvesting are 1) To provide drinking water 2) To provide irrigation water 3) To increase groundwater recharge to reduce storm water discharge.

27. Which of the following is not a soil moisture conservation method?
a) Spreading manure
b) Crop rotation
c) Recharge to ground water
d) By mulches
Answer: c
Explanation: The methods which are adopted for preserving the water in the soil from being lost are called as soil moisture conservation methods. The major part of the water is lost through evapotranspiration. The recharge to groundwater is one of the techniques in rainwater harvesting.

28. Nutrients like ca, mg, si, al, S, K are lost due to ____________
a) Soil erosion
b) Percolation
c) Water logging
d) Watershed
Answer: b
Explanation: The percolation is defined as a downward movement of water through the soil due to the force of gravity. The rapid percolation of water results in loss of plant nutrients and makes the soil acidic.

29. Warabandi has been practiced in India for more than ____________ years.
a) 130 years
b) 125 years
c) 140 years
d) 145 years
Answer: b
Explanation: Warabandi is a rotational method for allocation of the available water equally in an irrigation system. It provides continuous rotation of water generally lasts 7 days. It has been effectively practiced in India for more than 125 years.

30. Gold, Copper and lead are the examples of ______
a) Ductility
b) Creep
c) Plasticity
d) Malleability
Answer: c
Explanation: Plasticity in the property of Material by which the material can undergo permanent deformation and fails to regain its original shape on removal of load. Examples are gold, lead, etc.

31. __________ of a beam is a measure of its resistance against deflection.
a) Strength
b) Stiffness
c) Slope
d) Maximum bending
Answer: b
Explanation: The ratio of maximum deflection of a beam to its corresponding span is termed as the stiffness of the beam. It is the measure of resistance against the deflection.

32. The maximum induced ___________ stresses should be within the safe permissible stresses to ensure strength of the beam.
a) Tensile
b) Compressive
c) Bending
d) Lateral
Answer: c
Explanation: A beam is said to be strengthy when the maximum induced bending and shear stresses are within the safe permissible stresses of the beam material.

33. Elastic line is also called as ___________
a) Deflection curve
b) Plastic curve
c) Linear curve
d) Hooke’s curve
Answer: a
Explanation: The deflection curve is defined as the line to which the longitudinal axis of a beam deflects or bends under given load. This curve is also known as elastic line or elastic axis.

34. In simply supported beams, the slope is _____________ at supports.
a) Minimum
b) Zero
c) Maximum
d) Uniform
Answer: c
Explanation: The slope at any section in the deflected beam is defined as the angle developed in radians which the tangent at the section makes with the actual axis of the proposed beam. In simply supported beams, the slope is maximum at the supports.

35. ____________ is the best example for accelerator (admixture).
a) Sulphonated formaldehyde
b) Calcium chloride
c) Sulphonated naphthalene
d) Polyglycolesters
Answer: b
Explanation: Calcium chloride is more widely used as an accelerator. By adding two percent (2%) of the weight of cacl2 admixture to the Portland cement the Maximum strength is attained within 1-3 days.

36. _____________ is used to reduce the time for hardening of concrete.
a) Accelerators
b) Super plasticizer
c) Retarder
d) Air entraining admixture
Answer: c
Explanation: The admixtures (retarders) are generally used to reduce the time for hardening of concrete. They are used in situations like:
i. In hot weather condition, a tendency towards false set is corrected
ii. When concrete is to be placed in difficult positions.

37. Full form of LEED ________
a) Leadership in Energy and Efficiency Development
b) Leadership in Environmental and Energy Design
c) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
d) Leadership in Efflorescence and Energy Demand
Answer: c
Explanation: LEED stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. The fly ash is environmentally friendly solutions that meet or exceed performance specifications fly ash contributes a lot to LEED.

38. _____ has a lower heat of hydration.
a) Quarry dust
b) Fly ash
c) Ordinary Portland cement
d) Bulk sand
Answer: b
Explanation: The process that liberates heat when water is added to cement is known as heat of hydration. The process of hydration is not instantaneous. The fly ash is possessing lower heat of hydration.

39. The factors that influence rate of hydration is _________
a) The fineness of cement
b) Temperature of cement
c) Quality of water
d) Temperature of water
Answer: a
Explanation: The products of hydration are colloidal and increase the surface area of solid paste during hydration and the water is the main ingredient which reacts chemically. The rate of hydration is mainly influenced by temperature of cement.

40. The steel suits best to reinforcement with concrete.
a) False
b) True
Answer: b
Explanation: The Steel is be used for reinforcing a concrete for following properties:
i. Steel is about 30 times stronger in compression and 300 times stronger intention compared to concrete.
ii. It develops good bond with concrete
iii. It is highly fire resistant.

41. The ratio of maximum deflection of a beam to its ___________ is called stiffness of the beam.
a) Load
b) Slope
c) Span
d) Reaction at the support
Answer: c
Explanation: The stiffness of a beam is a measure of it’s resistance against deflection. The ratio of the maximum deflection of a beam to its span can be termed as stiffness of the beam.

42. Stiffness of the beam is inversely proportional to the _____ of the beam.
a) Slope
b) Support reaction
c) Deflection
d) Load
Answer: c
Explanation: Stiffness of a beam is inversely proportional to the deflection. Smaller the deflection in a beam due to given external load, greater is its stiffness.

43. The maximum ____ should not exceed the permissible limit to the span of the beam.
a) Slope
b) Deflection
c) Load
dl Bending moment
Answer: b
Explanation: The maximum deflection of a loaded beam should not exceed the permissible limit in relation to the span of a beam. While designing the beam the designer should be keep in mind that both strength and stiffness criteria.

44. In cantilever beam the deflection occurs at ______
a) Free end
b) Point of loading
c) Through out
d) Fixed end
Answer: a
Explanation: Deflection can be defined as the perpendicular displacement of a point on straight access to the curved axis. In cantilever beams, the maximum deflection occurs at free end.

45. In an ideal fluid, the ____________ stresses are pretend to be absent.
a) Bending
b) Shearing
c) Tensile
d) Compressive
Answer: b
Explanation: An ideal fluid is a fluid where there is no resistance to the deformation. Ideal Fluids are those Fluids which have no viscosity surface tension. The shear stress is also absent. This fluid is also called as perfect fluid.

46. Air and water are the examples of ___________
a) Non Newtonian fluids
b) Vortex fluids
c) Real fluids
d) Ideal fluids
Answer: d
Explanation: The ideal Fluids are imaginary fluids in nature, they are incompressible. These fluids possess low viscosity. Air and water are considered as ideal fluids.

47. _______ fluids are practical fluids
a) Ideal
b) Real
c) Vortex
d) Newtonian
Answer: b
Explanation: These fluids possess properties such as viscosity, surface tension. They are compressible in nature. The certain amount of resistance is always offered by the fluids, they also possess shear stress. They are also known as practical fluids.

48. Which of the following is not an example of Malleability?
a) Wrought Iron
b) Ornamental silver
c) Torsteel
d) Ornamental gold
Answer: c
Explanation: Torsteel is an example of mechanical property ductility. The ductility is a property of a material by which material can be fractured into thin wires after undergoing a considerable deformation without any rupture.